ReviewExperimental and clinical psychopharmacology2016
Prescription stimulant medication misuse: Where are we and where do we go from here?
Review in Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Prescription Stimulant Misuse Among Nursing Students: A Systematic Review.Journal of addictions nursingPooled it
- Non-Medical Use of Prescription Stimulants in Australia: Prevalence, Sociodemographic and Substance Use Correlates From the 2022-2023 National Drug Strategy Household Survey.Drug and alcohol review · 2026Article
- Article
- Demographic and Genetic Predictors of ADHD Diagnoses and Medications in Electronic Health Records.Research square · 2025Article
- In silico investigation of ketamine and methylphenidate drug-drug conjugate for MDD and ADHD treatment using MD simulations and MMGBSA.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Opioid and stimulant co-prescribing: our efforts and remaining open questions-authors' reply.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2025Article
- Brain dysfunctions and neurotoxicity induced by psychostimulants in experimental models and humans: an overview of recent findings.Neural regeneration research · 2024Article
- Adverse Childhood Experiences and Prescription Stimulant Use in Adults: A Systematic Review.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Methylphenidate use and misuse among medical residents in Israel: a cross-sectional study.Human resources for health · 2023Article
- Improvement of anxiety in ADHD following goal-focused cognitive remediation: a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Cognitive enhancing supplements and medications in United States Resident Physicians.BMC medical education · 2022Article
- Sex differences in neurobehavioral consequences of methamphetamine exposure in adult mice.Psychopharmacology · 2022Article
- Exploring the use of cognitive enhancement substances among Portuguese university students.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2022Article
- Use and misuse of prescription stimulants by university students: a cross-sectional survey in the french-speaking community of Belgium, 2018.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2022Article
- Behavioral Willingness, Descriptive Normative Perceptions, and Prescription Stimulant Misuse among Young Adults 18-20.Substance use & misuse · 2022Article
- Compounding Privilege, Resilience, and Nonmedical Prescription Stimulant Use among College Students.Substance use & misuse · 2022Article
- Associations of prescription stimulant misuse with subsequent methamphetamine use among a U.S. cohort of HIV-vulnerable sexual and gender minorities who have sex with men.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2021Article
- Review
- Non-medical Use of Prescription Stimulants Among College Students: Non-oral Routes of Administration, Risk Factors, Motivations, and Pathways.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Prescription stimulants, including methylphenidate (e.g., Ritalin) and amphetamine compounds (e.g., dextroamphetamine; Adderall), have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and are classified by the United States Drug Enforcement Administration as Schedule II medications because of their high potential for abuse and dependence (Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. Department of Justice, 2015). Despite the potential health and judicial consequences, misuse of prescription stimulants, typically defined as taking stimulants without a valid prescription, or use of stimulants other than as prescribed, has become a serious problem in the United States and abroad, especially on college campuses. The purpose of the present article is to review historical information concerning prescription stimulants and to summarize the literature with respect to misuse among adults, particularly college students, including risk factors, mediators and moderators, and motivations for prescription stimulant misuse. In addition, evidence is presented concerning the question of whether prescription stimulants truly enhance cognitive functioning in individuals with and without ADHD, and the ethical and professional implications of these findings are explored. Lastly, recommendations for addressing prescription stimulant misuse and suggestions for future research are advanced. (PsycINFO Database Record
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.