ReviewToxins2016
Structure, Evolution, and Functions of Bacterial Type III Toxin-Antitoxin Systems.
Review in Toxins, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Overview of Type II and III Toxin-Antitoxin Systems with a Focus on Druggability.Toxins · 2018Pooled it
- Potential role of a CRISPR-Cas-activated toxin-antitoxin system in bacterial immunity.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Semantic design: Programming functional genes from genomic context.Cell genomics · 2026Article
- The plasmid-host fitness landscape: a new paradigm for predicting the fate of mobile resistance.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Review
- Article
- Deciphering the RNA-based regulation mechanism of the phage-encoded AbiF system in Clostridioides difficile.PLoS genetics · 2025Article
- Discovery of Antimicrobial Agents Based on Structural and Functional Study of theAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- A phage-encoded RNA-binding protein inhibits the antiviral activity of a toxin-antitoxin system.Nucleic acids research · 2024Article
- Replication cycle timing determines phage sensitivity to a cytidine deaminase toxin/antitoxin bacterial defense system.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- The Plasmidomic Landscape of Clinical Methicillin-ResistantAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Time to lysis determines phage sensitivity to a cytidine deaminase toxin/antitoxin bacterial defense system.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems: Novel insights on toxin activation across populations and experimental shortcomings.Current research in microbial sciences · 2023Review
- Identification, functional characterization, assembly and structure of ToxIN type III toxin-antitoxin complex from E. coli.Nucleic acids research · 2022Article
- Bacterial toxin-antitoxin modules: classification, functions, and association with persistence.Current research in microbial sciences · 2021Review
- TheToxins · 2021Article
- Structural and functional analysis of theIUCrJ · 2021Article
- Elevated Expression of Toxin TisB Protects Persister Cells against Ciprofloxacin but Enhances Susceptibility to Mitomycin C.Microorganisms · 2021Article
- The World of Stable Ribonucleoproteins and Its Mapping With Grad-Seq and Related Approaches.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2021Review
- Role of VapBC12 Toxin-Antitoxin Locus in Cholesterol-Induced Mycobacterial Persistence.mSystems · 2020Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic modules that encode a toxin (that targets an essential cellular process) and an antitoxin that neutralises or suppresses the deleterious effect of the toxin. Based on the molecular nature of the toxin and antitoxin components, TA systems are categorised into different types. Type III TA systems, the focus of this review, are composed of a toxic endoribonuclease neutralised by a non-coding RNA antitoxin in a pseudoknotted configuration. Bioinformatic analysis shows that the Type III systems can be classified into subtypes. These TA systems were originally discovered through a phage resistance phenotype arising due to a process akin to an altruistic suicide; the phenomenon of abortive infection. Some Type III TA systems are bifunctional and can stabilise plasmids during vegetative growth and sporulation. Features particular to Type III systems are explored here, emphasising some of the characteristics of the RNA antitoxin and how these may affect the co-evolutionary relationship between toxins and cognate antitoxins in their quaternary structures. Finally, an updated analysis of the distribution and diversity of these systems are presented and discussed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.