ArticleScientific reports2016
PLGA nanoparticle encapsulation reduces toxicity while retaining the therapeutic efficacy of EtNBS-PDT in vitro.
Article in Scientific reports, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Stimuli-responsive Nano/Biomaterials for Smart Drug Delivery in Cardiovascular Diseases: Promises, Challenges and Outlooks.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Preclinical evaluation of polymer encapsulated carbon-based nano and microparticles for sentinel lymph node tattooing.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Macromolecular Cargo Encapsulation via In Vitro Assembly of Two-Component Protein Nanoparticles.Advanced healthcare materials · 2024Article
- Targeted PLGA-Chitosan Nanoparticles for NIR-Triggered Phototherapy and Imaging of HER2-Positive Tumors.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Targeted cross-linker delivery for the in situ mapping of protein conformations and interactions in mitochondria.Nature communications · 2023Article
- A review of bismuth-based nanoparticles and their applications in radiosensitising and dose enhancement for cancer radiation therapy.IET nanobiotechnology · 2023Review
- Mucopenetrating Janus Nanoparticles For Field-Coverage Oral Cancer Chemoprevention.Pharmaceutical research · 2023Article
- Effect of Solvents, Stabilizers and the Concentration of Stabilizers on the Physical Properties of Poly(d,l-lactide-Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- Recent Developments in Nanomaterials-Based Drug Delivery and Upgrading Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Novel Gemcitabine-Re(I) Bisquinolinyl Complex Combinations and Formulations With Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles for Pancreatic Cancer Photodynamic Therapy.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
- Phenotypic and Functional Analyses of B7S1 in Ovarian Cancer.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2021Article
- Article
- Sensing, monitoring, and release of therapeutics: the translational journey of next generation bandages.Journal of biomedical optics · 2018Article
- An Integrin-Targeted, Highly Diffusive Construct for Photodynamic Therapy.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- A review and outlook in the treatment of osteosarcoma and other deep tumors with photodynamic therapy: from basic to deep.Oncotarget · 2017Review
- Overcoming the Limits of Hypoxia in Photodynamic Therapy: A Carbonic Anhydrase IX-Targeted Approach.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy regimens, which use light-activated molecules known as photosensitizers, are highly selective against many malignancies and can bypass certain challenging therapeutic resistance mechanisms. Photosensitizers such as the small cationic molecule EtNBS (5-ethylamino-9-diethyl-aminobenzo[a]phenothiazinium chloride) have proven potent against cancer cells that reside within acidic and hypoxic tumour microenvironments. At higher doses, however, these photosensitizers induce "dark toxicity" through light-independent mechanisms. In this study, we evaluated the use of nanoparticle encapsulation to overcome this limitation. Interestingly, encapsulation of the compound within poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (PLGA-EtNBS) was found to significantly reduce EtNBS dark toxicity while completely retaining the molecule's cytotoxicity in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. This dual effect can be attributed to the mechanism of release: EtNBS remains encapsulated until external light irradiation, which stimulates an oxygen-independent, radical-mediated process that degrades the PLGA nanoparticles and releases the molecule. As these PLGA-encapsulated EtNBS nanoparticles are capable of penetrating deeply into the hypoxic and acidic cores of 3D spheroid cultures, they may enable the safe and efficacious treatment of otherwise unresponsive tumour regions.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.