ArticleBMC medicine2016
Thyroid function and risk of type 2 diabetes: a population-based prospective cohort study.
Article in BMC medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 100 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
100 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 193 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk factors for progression to type 2 diabetes in prediabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the relationship between metabolic syndrome and the incidence of thyroid diseases.Endocrine · 2024Pooled it
- Multi-trait analysis characterizes the genetics of thyroid function and identifies causal associations with clinical implications.Nature communications · 2024Pooled it
- Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and incident diabetes: a systematic review and an individual participant data analysis of prospective cohort studies.European journal of endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Thyroid Function and the Risk of Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2022Pooled it
- Association between thyroid dysfunction and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies.BMC medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Clinical Parameters Are More Likely to Be Associated with Thyroid Hormone Levels than with Thyrotropin Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association · 2020Pooled it
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in the normal range and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus.Acta diabetologica · 2019Pooled it
- Endocrine-Metabolic Crosstalk Between Diabetes Mellitus and Hypothyroidism: From Network Mechanisms to Translational Stratification.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Review
- IntegrativeNutrients · 2026Article
- Review
- Study of Thyroid Function Tests and Inflammatory Markers (White Blood Cell Count and High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein) in Prediabetic Patients at Tertiary Care Center.Annals of African medicine · 2026Article
- Thyroid Hormones and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review of Findings From 18 Years of Follow-up in the Tehran Thyroid Study.International journal of endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Review
- Nonlinear Association Between THs, TSH, and HbA1c in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Study.Journal of diabetes · 2026Article
- Low FT4 levels in early pregnancy are associated with higher insulin therapy need in women with gestational diabetes mellitus.European thyroid journal · 2026Article
- Correlation Between the Thyroid Hormone Levels and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2026Article
- Analysis of the association between water iodine concentration and TyG-BMI index with thyroid diseases: a cross-sectional study in Shandong province, China.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Prevalence of thyroid disorders in a tertiary care hospital in Al Batinah North Governorate, Oman.Dialogues in health · 2025Article
- Lipid Hormones at the Intersection of Metabolic Imbalances and Endocrine Disorders.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Review
- Exploring the bidirectional association between thyrotropin and thyroid hormones in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2025Review
40 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe association of thyroid function with risk of type 2 diabetes remains elusive. We aimed to investigate the association of thyroid function with incident diabetes and progression from prediabetes to diabetes in a population-based prospective cohort study.
methodsWe included 8452 participants (mean age 65 years) with thyroid function measurement, defined by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4), and longitudinal assessment of diabetes incidence. Cox-models were used to investigate the association of TSH and FT4 with diabetes and progression from prediabetes to diabetes. Multivariable models were adjusted for age, sex, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose at baseline, amongst others.
resultsDuring a mean follow-up of 7.9 years, 798 diabetes cases occurred. Higher TSH levels were associated with a higher diabetes risk (hazard ratio [HR] 1.13; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.18, per logTSH), even within the reference range of thyroid function (HR 1.24; 95 % CI, 1.06-1.45). Higher FT4 levels were associated with a lower diabetes risk amongst all participants (HR 0.96; 95 % CI, 0.93-0.99, per 1 pmol/L) and in participants within the reference range of thyroid function (HR 0.96; 95 % CI, 0.92-0.99). The risk of progression from prediabetes to diabetes was higher with low-normal thyroid function (HR 1.32; 95 % CI, 1.06-1.64 for TSH and HR 0.91; 95 % CI, 0.86-0.97 for FT4). Absolute risk of developing diabetes type 2 in participants with prediabetes decreased from 35 % to almost 15 % with higher FT4 levels within the normal range.
conclusionsLow and low-normal thyroid function are risk factors for incident diabetes, especially in individuals with prediabetes. Future studies should investigate whether screening for and treatment of (subclinical) hypothyroidism is beneficial in subjects at risk of developing diabetes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.