ArticlePloS one
Racial and Gender Disparities in Incidence of Lung and Bronchus Cancer in the United States: A Longitudinal Analysis.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Total body irradiation and smoking interact to increase lung cancer risk after blood or marrow transplantation.Blood advances · 2026Article
- Disparities in Thoracic Oncology Patients.Cancers · 2026Review
- Causal predictive modeling of survival of lung and bronchus cancer patients diagnosed during 2010-2011 in Texas.PloS one · 2025Article
- Identifying priority populations for lung cancer screening intervention using neighborhood-level factors and cancer registry data.Preventive oncology & epidemiology · 2024Article
- Gender disparities in lung cancer incidence in the United States during 2001-2019.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) for exploring spatial variability of lung and bronchus cancer (LBC) mortality rates in the contiguous USA.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- A computational reproducibility study of PLOS ONE articles featuring longitudinal data analyses.PloS one · 2021Article
- Disparities in the use of stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of lung cancer brain metastases: a SEER-Medicare study.Clinical & experimental metastasis · 2020Article
- Completeness of Cancer Case Ascertainment in International Cancer Registries: Exploring the Issue of Gender Disparities.Frontiers in oncology · 2020Article
- The association of neighborhood-level social class and tobacco consumption with adverse lung cancer characteristics in Maryland.Tobacco induced diseases · 2019Article
- Factors contributing to disparities in mortality among patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.Cancer medicine · 2018Article
- Rural areas are disproportionately impacted by smoking and lung cancer.Preventive medicine reports · 2018Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCertain population groups in the United States carry a disproportionate burden of cancer. This work models and analyzes the dynamics of lung and bronchus cancer age-adjusted incidence rates by race (White and Black), gender (male and female), and prevalence of daily smoking in 38 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and across eight U.S. geographic regions from 1999 to 2012.
methodsData, obtained from the U.S. Cancer Statistics Section of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, reflect approximately 77% of the U.S. population and constitute a representative sample for making inferences about incidence rates in lung and bronchus cancer (henceforth lung cancer). A longitudinal linear mixed-effects model was used to study lung cancer incidence rates and to estimate incidence rate as a function of time, race, gender, and prevalence of daily smoking.
resultsBetween 1999 and 2012, age-adjusted incidence rates in lung cancer have decreased in all states and regions. However, racial and gender disparities remain. Whites continue to have lower age-adjusted incidence rates for this cancer than Blacks in all states and in five of the eight U.S. geographic regions. Disparities in incidence rates between Black and White men are significantly larger than those between Black and White women, with Black men having the highest incidence rate of all subgroups. Assuming that lung cancer incidence rates remain within reasonable range, the model predicts that the gender gap in the incidence rate for Whites would disappear by mid-2018, and for Blacks by 2026. However, the racial gap in lung cancer incidence rates among Black and White males will remain. Among all geographic regions, the Mid-South has the highest overall lung cancer incidence rate and the highest incidence rate for Whites, while the Midwest has the highest incidence rate for Blacks. Between 1999 and 2012, there was a downward trend in the prevalence of daily smokers in both genders. However, males have significantly higher rates of cigarette smoking than females at all time points. The highest and lowest prevalence of daily smoking are found in the Mid-South and New England, respectively. There was a significant correlation between lung cancer incidence rates and smoking prevalence in all geographic regions, indicating a strong influence of cigarette smoking on regional lung cancer incidence rates.
conclusionAlthough age-adjusted incidence rates in lung cancer have decreased throughout the U.S., racial and gender disparities remain. This longitudinal model can help health professionals and policy makers make predictions of age-adjusted incidence rates for lung cancer in the U.S. in the next five to ten years.
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