ArticleBMC infectious diseases2016
Molecular evidence of high rates of asymptomatic P. vivax infection and very low P. falciparum malaria in Botswana.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed.
- Asymptomatic/submicroscopicParasite epidemiology and control · 2025Article
- Article
- Association between telomere length and Plasmodium falciparum malaria endemicity in sub-Saharan Africans.American journal of human genetics · 2024Article
- Evaluation of the Performance of Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Malaria Diagnosis and Mapping of DifferentInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Genomic insights into Plasmodium vivax population structure and diversity in central Africa.Malaria journal · 2024Article
- Malaria Elimination in Africa: Rethinking Strategies forTropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Review
- A Review of the Current Status of G6PD Deficiency Testing to Guide Radical Cure Treatment for Vivax Malaria.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- The primate malaria parasites Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium brasilianum and Plasmodium ovale spp.: genomic insights into distribution, dispersal and host transitions.Malaria journal · 2022Review
- Zoonotic Malaria: Non-Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- The epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax among adults in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Contrasting epidemiology and genetic variation of Plasmodium vivax infecting Duffy-negative individuals across Africa.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2021Article
- Recent Molecular Assessment of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum Asymptomatic Infections in Botswana.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2021Article
- Molecular and morphological identification of suspected Plasmodium vivax vectors in Central and Eastern Sudan.Malaria journal · 2021Article
- Basic Research ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Review
- Alternative Invasion Mechanisms and Host Immune Response toMicroorganisms · 2020Review
- Past and current biological factors affecting malaria in the low transmission setting of Botswana: A review.Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases · 2020Review
- Distribution of Anopheles mosquito species, their vectorial role and profiling of knock-down resistance mutations in Botswana.Parasitology research · 2020Article
- Malaria elimination in Bhutan: asymptomatic malaria cases in the Bhutanese population living in malaria-risk areas and in migrant workers from India.Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2019Article
- Molecular detection of P. vivax and P. ovale foci of infection in asymptomatic and symptomatic children in Northern Namibia.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2019Article
- Growing evidence of Plasmodium vivax across malaria-endemic Africa.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2019Article
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Abstract
backgroundBotswana is one of eight SADC countries targeting malaria elimination by 2018. Through spirited upscaling of control activities and passive surveillance, significant reductions in case incidence of Plasmodium falciparum (0.96 - 0.01) was achieved between 2008 and 2012. As part of the elimination campaign, active detection of asymptomatic Plasmodium species by a highly sensitive method was deemed necessary. This study was carried out to determine asymptomatic Plasmodium species carriage by nested PCR in the country, in 2012.
methodA cross-sectional study involving 3924 apparently healthy participants were screened for Plasmodium species in 14 districts (5 endemic: Okavango, Ngami, Tutume, Boteti and Bobirwa; and 9 epidemic: North East, Francistown, Serowe-Palapye, Ghanzi, Kweneng West, Kweneng East, Kgatleng, South East, and Good Hope). Venous blood was taken from each participant for a nested PCR detection of Plasmodium species.
resultsThe parasite rates of asymptomatic Plasmodium species detected were as follows: Plasmodium falciparum, 0.16 %; Plasmodium vivax, 4.66 %; Plasmodium malariae, (Pm) 0.16 %; Plasmodium ovale, 0 %, mixed infections (P. falciparum and P. vivax), 0.055 %; and (P. vivax and P. malariae), 0.027 %, (total: 5.062 %). The high proportion of asymptomatic reservoir of P. vivax was clustered in the East, South Eastern and Central districts of the country. There appeared to be a correlation between the occurrence of P. malariae infection with P. vivax infection, with the former only occurring in districts that had substantial P. vivax circulation. The median age among 2-12 year olds for P. vivax infection was 5 years (Mean 5.13 years, interquartile range 3-7 years). The odds of being infected with P. vivax decreased by 7 % for each year increase in age (OR 0.93, 95 % CI 0.87-1.00, p = 0.056).
conclusionWe have confirmed low parasite rate of asymptomatic Plasmodium species in Botswana, with the exception of P.vivax which was unexpectedly high. This has implication for the elimination campaign so a follow up study is warranted to inform decisions on new strategies that take this evidence into account in the elimination campaign.
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