ArticleNature2016
Frizzled proteins are colonic epithelial receptors for C. difficile toxin B.
Article in Nature, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 172 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
172 citing papers in PubMed, 263 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multiple-Ascending-Dose Phase 1 Clinical Study of the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of CRS3123, a Narrow-Spectrum Agent with Minimal Disruption of Normal Gut Microbiota.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2019Trial
- Amino acid-based formula feeding is associated with increased risk ofGut microbes · 2026Article
- The impact of TcdB conformational dynamics on vaccination against Clostridioides difficile.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Balancing act of cytokines in controlling the severity ofInfection and immunity · 2026Review
- Inositol Thiophosphates as Inhibitors of Mammalian, Plant, and Fungal Phytases.ACS chemical biology · 2026Article
- Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Bacterial Infections: A Broad Review of the Field.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2026Review
- Dissecting conserved molecular mechanisms of biological toxin activity through CRISPR screening.Biochemical Society transactions · 2026Review
- Article
- CSPG4 Mediates Inflammatory, Cell Death, and Senescence Responses in Enteric Glia Exposed to Clostridioides difficile Toxins.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Article
- Review
- Clostridioides difficile pathogenesis and control.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Toxic Megacolon With a Positive Clostridioides difficile Antigen but Negative Toxin Assay.Cureus · 2026Article
- Development of Peptide Glucosyltransferase Inhibitors With Comprehensive Coverage Across Clostridioides difficile Toxin B Sub-Types.Biotechnology and bioengineering · 2026Article
- In silico docking yields small molecule negative allosteric modulators targeting the core of Frizzled 7.Nature communications · 2025Article
- CD44 is a macrophage receptor for TcdB fromGut microbes · 2025Article
- Fzd2 orchestrates canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling to regulate lung development and fibrosis.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Article
- Mouse monoclonal antibodies againstInfection and immunity · 2025Article
- Unravelling three-way interactions betweenJournal of medical microbiology · 2025Review
- Large Clostridial Toxins: A Brief Review and Insights into Antigen Design for Veterinary Vaccine Development.Molecular biotechnology · 2025Review
- The interplay between host immunity andmBio · 2025Review
112 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Clostridium difficile toxin B (TcdB) is a critical virulence factor that causes diseases associated with C. difficile infection. Here we carried out CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome-wide screens and identified the members of the Wnt receptor frizzled family (FZDs) as TcdB receptors. TcdB binds to the conserved Wnt-binding site known as the cysteine-rich domain (CRD), with the highest affinity towards FZD1, 2 and 7. TcdB competes with Wnt for binding to FZDs, and its binding blocks Wnt signalling. FZD1/2/7 triple-knockout cells are highly resistant to TcdB, and recombinant FZD2-CRD prevented TcdB binding to the colonic epithelium. Colonic organoids cultured from FZD7-knockout mice, combined with knockdown of FZD1 and 2, showed increased resistance to TcdB. The colonic epithelium in FZD7-knockout mice was less susceptible to TcdB-induced tissue damage in vivo. These findings establish FZDs as physiologically relevant receptors for TcdB in the colonic epithelium.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.