SynthesisInfection control and hospital epidemiology2016
Assessing the Risk of Hospital-Acquired Clostridium Difficile Infection With Proton Pump Inhibitor Use: A Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in Infection control and hospital epidemiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Incidence, timing, and risk factors for development of gastrointestinal bleeding in acute traumatic spinal cord injury: A systematic review.The journal of spinal cord medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Proton pump inhibitors are not associated with an increased risk ofGut microbes · 2025Pooled it
- Interventions for preventing upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people admitted to intensive care units.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Magnitude and direction of the association between Clostridium difficile infection and proton pump inhibitors in adults and pediatric patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of gastroenterology · 2018Pooled it
- Proton pump inhibitors therapy and risk of Clostridium difficile infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis.World journal of gastroenterology · 2017Pooled it
- Impact of Adjuvant Medical Therapies on Surgical Outcomes in Idiopathic Subglottic Stenosis.The Laryngoscope · 2021Trial
- Toll of Chronic Metabolic Acidosis at Molecular, Cellular, and Systemic Levels: A Conceptual Framework to Revisit Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Pathophysiology.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Impact of enteral feeding strategies on nosocomialFrontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Linking the relationship between drug-induced osteoporosis and the gut microbiota.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- A Vanished Association Between Proton Pump Inhibitors and Clostridioides Difficile Infection After Minimizing Bias.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Risk of Clostridioides difficile Infection: An Umbrella Review of 11 Meta-Analyses.Cureus · 2025Review
- Preference for On-Demand Fexuprazan Therapy in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study.Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Article
- Potential Risks Associated With Long-term Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and the Maintenance Treatment Modality for Patients With Mild Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.Journal of neurogastroenterology and motility · 2024Review
- Deep learning-based prediction of Clostridioides difficile infection caused by antibiotics using longitudinal electronic health records.NPJ digital medicine · 2024Article
- Impact of antibiotic prophylaxis on gut microbiota in colorectal surgery: insights from an Eastern European stewardship study.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Appropriateness of proton pump inhibitors use in noncritically ill hospitalized children in a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2023Article
- PPI-Induced Changes in Plasma Metabolite Levels Influence Total Hip Bone Mineral Density in a UK Cohort.Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research · 2023Article
- Article
- Clinical Determinants PredictingAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Effects of Gastric Acid Secretion Inhibitors for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridium difficile is the principal infectious cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and accounts for 12% of hospital-acquired infections. Recent literature has shown an increased risk of C. difficile infection (CDI) with proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use. OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic assessment of the risk of hospital-acquired CDI following exposure to PPI. METHODS We searched multiple databases for studies examining the relationship between PPI and hospital-acquired CDI. Pooled odds ratios were generated and assessment for heterogeneity performed. RESULTS We found 23 observational studies involving 186,033 cases that met eligibility criteria. Across studies, 10,307 cases of hospital-acquired CDI were reported. Significant heterogeneity was present; therefore, a random effects model was used. The pooled odds ratio was 1.81 (95% CI, 1.52-2.14), favoring higher risk of CDI with PPI use. Significant heterogeneity was present, likely due to differences in assessment of exposure, study population, and definition of CDI. DISCUSSION This meta-analysis suggests PPIs significantly increase the risk of hospital-acquired CDI. Given the significant health and economic burden of CDI and the risks of PPI, optimization of PPI use should be included in a multifaceted approach to CDI prevention. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;1408-1417.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.