Observational studyJournal of leukocyte biology2016
Frontline Science: Defects in immune function in patients with sepsis are associated with PD-1 or PD-L1 expression and can be restored by antibodies targeting PD-1 or PD-L1.
Observational study in Journal of leukocyte biology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 141 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
141 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 203 citations in OpenAlex.
- A bibliometric and visual analysis of research trends and hotspots in sepsis-related immunosuppression (2005-2025).Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Inhibitory Immune Checkpoint Molecule Expression in Clinical Sepsis Studies: A Systematic Review.Critical care medicine · 2020Pooled it
- Improvement of Sepsis Prognosis by Ulinastatin: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2019Pooled it
- Programmed Cell Death-1/Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Blockade Improves Survival of Animals with Sepsis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.BioMed research international · 2018Pooled it
- Immune checkpoint inhibition in sepsis: a Phase 1b randomized study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of nivolumab.Intensive care medicine · 2019Trial
- T Cell- and Monocyte-Specific RNA-Sequencing Analysis in Septic and Nonseptic Critically Ill Patients and in Patients with Cancer.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2019Trial
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Sepsis: A Phase 1b Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Single Ascending Dose Study of Antiprogrammed Cell Death-Ligand 1 Antibody (BMS-936559).Critical care medicine · 2019Trial
- Sepsis-related immunosuppression: a comprehensive review of current research breakthroughs.Critical care (London, England) · 2026Review
- CFTR modulators exert subset-specific phenotype remodeling on circulating neutrophils in cystic fibrosis.ImmunoHorizons · 2026Article
- Host-directed immune therapies: a second front in the battle against sepsis.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Immunology of Sepsis.Clinics in chest medicine · 2026Review
- Exploratory characterization of dynamic soluble programmed death-ligand 1 trajectories and their association with mortality in critical coronavirus disease 2019.Journal of intensive care · 2026Article
- The immunology of sepsis: translating new insights into clinical practice.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2026Review
- Endothelial cell, but not neutrophil, programmed cell death receptor-ligand 1 loss has a morbid impact on experimental murine shock/sepsis-induced lung injury.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Prognostic significance of lymphocyte PD-1 expression in combination with clinical scoring systems in patients with liver cirrhosis complicated by sepsis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Nanobody Nb07 mitigates sepsis by blocking the PFKM-p53-PD-1 axis to enhance macrophage phagocytosis.Theranostics · 2026Article
- The single-cell immune atlas of bacterial pneumonia: from inflammatory cell infiltration to treatable cell states.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Admission CD4Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Observational
- Differential Effects of Endothelial Cell- as opposed to Neutrophil-Lineage Restricted PD-L1 Gene Expression on Experimental Murine Shock/ Sepsis-Induced Lung Injury.Research square · 2025Article
- Lactate and Lactylation in AKI-to-CKD: Epigenetic Regulation and Therapeutic Opportunities.Cell proliferation · 2025Review
81 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Sepsis is a heterogeneous syndrome comprising a highly diverse and dynamic mixture of hyperinflammatory and compensatory anti-inflammatory immune responses. This immune phenotypic diversity highlights the importance of proper patient selection for treatment with the immunomodulatory drugs that are entering clinical trials. To better understand the serial changes in immunity of critically ill patients and to evaluate the potential efficacy of blocking key inhibitory pathways in sepsis, we undertook a broad phenotypic and functional analysis of innate and acquired immunity in the same aliquot of blood from septic, critically ill nonseptic, and healthy donors. We also tested the ability of blocking the checkpoint inhibitors programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) to restore the function of innate and acquired immune cells. Neutrophil and monocyte function (phagocytosis, CD163, cytokine expression) were progressively diminished as sepsis persisted. An increasing frequency in PD-L1
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.