ArticleSubstance use & misuse2017
Hookah Smoking Outcome Expectations Among Young Adults.
Article in Substance use & misuse, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Visual Attention to Health Warning Labels on Waterpipe Venue Menus in Immersive Virtual Reality.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Trial
- Perceived norms and e-cigarette use among young adults in US college: The mediation role of outcome expectancies.Journal of American college health : J of ACH · 2026Article
- Theoretical Perspectives on Hookah Smoking Behavior: A Scoping Review of Studies Among Young Adults in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.Journal of community health · 2025Article
- The association between nicotine stomatitis and waterpipe smoking.Tobacco induced diseases · 2024Article
- Longitudinal associations between flavored tobacco use and tobacco product cessation in a national sample of adults.Preventive medicine · 2022Article
- Associations Between Peer Use, Costs and Benefits, Self-Efficacy, and Adolescent E-cigarette Use.Journal of pediatric psychology · 2021Article
- Predictors of nicotine dependence among adolescent waterpipe and cigarette smokers: A 6-year longitudinal analysis.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2020Article
- A Qualitative Study of Factors Influencing the Onset of Hookah Smoking among Iranian Men with Turkmen Ethnicity.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2020Article
- Agent-based Modeling in Tobacco Regulatory Science: Exploring 'What if' in Waterpipe Smoking.Tobacco regulatory science · 2020Article
- Longitudinal pathways of exclusive and polytobacco hookah use among youth, young adults and adults in the USA: findings from the PATH Study Waves 1-3 (2013-2016).Tobacco control · 2020Article
- E-Cigarette Outcome Expectancies among Nationally Representative Samples of Adolescents and Young Adults.Substance use & misuse · 2019Article
- Reasons for use, potential use, or discontinued use of hookah among US young adult college students.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2018Article
- User identified positive outcome expectancies of electronic cigarette use: A concept mapping study.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDespite the dangers associated with hookah tobacco smoking, use and popularity in the United States among young adults continue to increase. While quantitative studies have assessed users' attitudes toward hookah, qualitative research can provide a more in-depth description of positive and negative attitudes and beliefs associated with hookah use.
objectivesTo determine outcome expectancies associated with hookah use among young adults.
methodsWe conducted six focus groups in 2013 to identify outcome expectancies associated with hookah use. Participants (N = 40) were young adults aged 18-23 who reported hookah use in the past three months. Using Outcome Expectancy Theory perspective, we posed the question "Hookah smoking is _______?" to elicit words or phrases that users associate with hookah use.
resultsOver 75% of the users' hookah use outcome expectancies were positive, including associating hookah smoking with relaxation and a social experience. Content analysis of the words engendered six themes. These themes included Social Appeal, Physical Attractiveness, Pleasant Smoke, Comparison to Cigarettes, Relaxation, and Deterrents. Fewer negative hookah use expectancy words and phrases were identified, but included "tar" and "cough."
conclusionsThe findings suggest that participants lacked basic knowledge about hookah tobacco smoking, had misconceptions about its danger, and had many positive associations with hookah use. Incorporating components addressing positive hookah expectancies may improve the efficacy of established and new hookah use prevention and cessation interventions and policies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.