ArticlePloS one
The Wide Distribution and Change of Target Specificity of R2 Non-LTR Retrotransposons in Animals.
Article in PloS one. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed.
- Discovery and engineering of avian R2 retrotransposons for all-RNA-mediated targeted DNA integration in human cells.Nature biotechnology · 2026Article
- Diversity and genome engineering applications of R2 non-LTR retrotransposons.RNA (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Review
- DNA-bound avian R2 non-LTR retrotransposon protein recruits a second R2 protein for genome-protective second-strand nicking.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Ancient Persistence and Newfound Diversity of CR1-Group Retrotransposons Across Vertebrates.Genome biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Host-transposable element coexistence: a matter of resistance, tolerance and trade-off.The EMBO journal · 2026Review
- Evolutionary Study of Transposable Elements: Structural Characterization and Phylogenomic Profiling in Plant Genomes.Journal of molecular evolution · 2026Review
- Lineage-specific evolution, structural diversity, and activity of R2 retrotransposons in animals.Genome biology · 2026Article
- Rewriting the genome: harnessing R2 retrotransposons for precise DNA insertion.Frontiers in genome editing · 2026Review
- Biology and utilization of R2 retrotransposons.RNA biology · 2025Review
- Structure and biochemistry-guided engineering of an all-RNA system for DNA insertion with R2 retrotransposons.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Structures of vertebrate R2 retrotransposon complexes during target-primed reverse transcription and after second-strand nicking.Science advances · 2025Article
- Article
- Harnessing eukaryotic retroelement proteins for transgene insertion into human safe-harbor loci.Nature biotechnology · 2025Article
- Structure and sequence at an RNA template 5' end influence insertion of transgenes by an R2 retrotransposon protein.RNA (New York, N.Y.) · 2024Article
- Conserved and divergent DNA recognition specificities and functions of R2 retrotransposon N-terminal domains.Cell reports · 2024Article
- Experimental considerations for precise RNA-mediated insertion of transgenes.Methods in enzymology · 2024Article
- Evolution and dosage compensation of nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) mediated by mobile elements in turtles with female (ZZ/ZW) but not with male (XX/XY) heterogamety.Journal of evolutionary biology · 2022Article
- A Field Guide to Eukaryotic Transposable Elements.Annual review of genetics · 2020Review
- Article
- Characterization and Evolution of Germ1, an Element that Undergoes Diminution in Lampreys (Cyclostomata: Petromyzontidae).Journal of molecular evolution · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Transposons, or transposable elements, are the major components of genomes in most eukaryotes. Some groups of transposons have developed target specificity that limits the integration sites to a specific nonessential sequence or a genomic region to avoid gene disruption caused by insertion into an essential gene. R2 is one of the most intensively investigated groups of sequence-specific non-LTR retrotransposons and is inserted at a specific site inside of 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. R2 is known to be distributed among at least six animal phyla even though its occurrence is reported to be patchy. Here, in order to obtain a more detailed picture of the distribution of R2, we surveyed R2 using both in silico screening and degenerate PCR, particularly focusing on actinopterygian fish. We found two families of the R2C lineage from vertebrates, although it has previously only been found in platyhelminthes. We also revealed the apparent movement of insertion sites of a lineage of actinopterygian R2, which was likely concurrent with the acquisition of a 28S rRNA-derived sequence in their 3' UTR. Outside of actinopterygian fish, we revealed the maintenance of a single R2 lineage in birds; the co-existence of four lineages of R2 in the leafcutter bee Megachile rotundata; the first examples of R2 in Ctenophora, Mollusca, and Hemichordata; and two families of R2 showing no target specificity. These findings indicate that R2 is relatively stable and universal, while differences in the distribution and maintenance of R2 lineages probably reflect characteristics of some combination of both R2 lineages and host organisms.
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