ArticleJournal of advanced research2016
Improved bioavailability of timolol maleate via transdermal transfersomal gel: Statistical optimization, characterization, and pharmacokinetic assessment.
Article in Journal of advanced research, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Liposomal Gel for enhancing topical efficacy of timolol maleate against proliferating superficial infantile hemangiomas.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Article
- Recent Options and Techniques to Assess Improved Bioavailability: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Methods.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Development and optimization of a tamsulosin nanostructured lipid carrier loaded with saw palmetto oil and pumpkin seed oil for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.Drug delivery · 2022Article
- Optimizing and Evaluating the Transdermal Permeation of Hydrocortisone Transfersomes Formulation Based on Digital Analysis of theRecent advances in drug delivery and formulation · 2022Article
- New Peceol™/Span™ 60 Niosomes Coated with Chitosan for Candesartan Cilexetil: Perspective Increase in Absolute Bioavailability in Rats.International journal of nanomedicine · 2021Article
- Half-life determination of inorganic-organic hybrid nanomaterials in mice using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.Journal of advanced research · 2020Article
- Phospholipid Vesicles for Dermal/Transdermal and Nasal Administration of Active Molecules: The Effect of Surfactants and Alcohols on the Fluidity of Their Lipid Bilayers and Penetration Enhancement Properties.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Percutaneous Delivery of Antihypertensive Agents: Advances and Challenges.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2020Review
- Design, Optimization and Characterization of a Transfersomal Gel Using Miconazole Nitrate for the Treatment of Candida Skin Infections.Pharmaceutics · 2018Article
- Implementing Central Composite Design for Developing Transdermal Diacerein-Loaded Niosomes: Ex vivo Permeation and In vivo Deposition.Current drug delivery · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Timolol maleate (TiM), a nonselective β-adrenergic blocker, is a potent highly effective agent for management of hypertension. The drug suffers from extensive first pass effect, resulting in a reduction of oral bioavailability (F%) to 50% and a short elimination half-life of 4 h; parameters necessitating its frequent administration. The current study was therefore, designed to formulate and optimize the transfersomal TiM gel for transdermal delivery. TiM loaded transfersomal gel was optimized using two 2(3) full factorial designs; where the effects of egg phosphatidyl choline (PC): surfactant (SAA) molar ratio, solvent volumetric ratio, and the drug amount were evaluated. The formulation variables; including particle size, drug entrapment efficiency (%EE), and release rate were characterized. The optimized transfersomal gel was prepared with 4.65:1 PC:SAA molar ratio, 3:1 solvent volumetric ratio, and 13 mg drug amount with particle size of 2.722 μm, %EE of 39.96%, and a release rate of 134.49 μg/cm(2)/h. The permeation rate of the optimized formulation through the rat skin was excellent (151.53 μg/cm(2)/h) and showed four times increase in relative bioavailability with prolonged plasma profile up to 72 h compared with oral aqueous solution. In conclusion, a potential transfersomal transdermal system was successfully developed and the factorial design was found to be a smart tool, when optimized.
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