ArticleForensic toxicology
Pharmacokinetics of heroin and its metabolites in vitreous humor and blood in a living pig model.
Article in Forensic toxicology. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Analytical Methods for the Determination of Diamorphine (Heroin) in Biological Matrices: A Review.Toxics · 2025Review
- Evaluating the Reliability of Dipstick Drug Screens on Vitreous and Postmortem Blood as a Triage Modality in Forensic Pathology.Academic forensic pathology · 2023Article
- Drug Permeability: From the Blood-Brain Barrier to the Peripheral Nerve Barriers.Advanced therapeutics · 2023Article
- Morphine Accumulates in the Retina Following Chronic Systemic Administration.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- A retinal contribution to opioid-induced sleep disorders?Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vitreous humor (VH) is an alternative matrix for drug analysis in forensic toxicology. However, little is known about the distribution of xenobiotics, such as opioids, into VH in living organisms. The aim of this study was to simultaneously measure heroin and metabolite concentrations in blood and VH after injection of heroin in a living pig model. Six pigs were under non-opioid anesthesia during the surgical operation and experiment. Ocular microdialysis was used to acquire dialysate from VH, and a venous catheter was used for blood sampling. Twenty milligrams of heroin was injected intravenously with subsequent sampling of blood and dialysate for 6 h. The samples were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Heroin was not detected in VH; 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) and morphine were first detected in VH after 60 min. The morphine concentration in VH thereafter increased throughout the experimental period. For 6-MAM,
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