ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2016
Suboptimal Adherence to Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Is Associated With Higher Levels of Inflammation Despite HIV Suppression.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03825536 (Short-term Effects of Methamphetamine Exposure on Residual Viral Transcription During Treated HIV Disease), which is not on this map. Cited by 68 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Short-term Effects of Methamphetamine Exposure on Residual Viral Transcription During Treated HIV Disease
Who cites it
68 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The Effect of Real-Time Medication Monitoring-Based Digital Adherence Tools on Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy and Viral Suppression in People Living With HIV: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2024Pooled it
- Better Longitudinal Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy Among Virally Suppressed People With HIV Is Associated With Reduced Occurrence of Serious Non-AIDS Events.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- A Real-Time Urine Tenofovir Assay Improves Drug Adherence Among People With HIV With Prior Virologic Failure in a Randomized Controlled Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Trial
- Real-time Feedback to Improve HIV Treatment Adherence in Pregnant and Postpartum Women in Uganda: A Randomized Controlled Trial.AIDS and behavior · 2022Trial
- Coordination of inflammatory responses in children with perinatally acquired HIV infection.AIDS (London, England) · 2022Trial
- Blue Monday: Co-occurring Stimulant Use and HIV Persistence Predict Dysregulated Catecholamine Synthesis.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2021Trial
- Incomplete ART adherence is associated with higher inflammation in individuals who achieved virologic suppression in the START study.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2019Trial
- In the Mismatch: Viral Suppression Despite Low Tenofovir-Diphosphate in Dried Blood Spots in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study/Women's Interagency HIV Study Combined Cohort.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Self-reported health and health literacy, neuroplasticity and neuro-immunological markers during the first 12 months in newly diagnosed people living with HIV: An exploratory study.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- HIV treatment failure in tertiary care: clinical epidemiology and preliminary mechanistic characterisation.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Suboptimal ART adherence, undetectable urine tenofovir, and higher C-reactive protein values.AIDS (London, England) · 2025Article
- Observational
- Association of experienced stigma in healthcare settings with health outcomes among Black women living with HIV: Mediating roles of internalized stigma, anticipated stigma, and trust in HIV care.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- Comparative analysis of inflammatory markers in HIV-positive individuals on antiretroviral therapy versus HIV-negative individuals in South Africa.African journal of laboratory medicine · 2025Article
- Tenofovir-Diphosphate and Emtricitabine-Triphosphate Adherence Benchmarks in Dried Blood Spots for Persons With HIV Receiving Tenofovir Alafenamide and Emtricitabine-Based Antiretroviral Therapy (QUANTI-TAF).Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Observational
- Cardiovascular Disease, Brain Glucose Metabolism, and Neurocognitive Decline in People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Factors associated with incomplete adherence to integrase strand transfer inhibitor-containing single-tablet regimen among Japanese people living with HIV.Journal of pharmaceutical health care and sciences · 2024Article
- Low Level Viremia Is Associated With Serious non-AIDS Events in People With HIV.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Brief communications: changes in inflammatory biomarkers and lipid profiles after switching to long-acting cabotegravir plus rilpivirine.AIDS research and therapy · 2024Article
8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals exhibit residual inflammation regardless of virologic suppression. We evaluated whether suboptimal adherence to combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is associated with greater residual inflammation than optimal adherence, despite virologic suppression.
methodsLongitudinal self-reported cART adherence data and serum concentrations of 24 biomarkers of inflammation and immune activation were measured at the same study visit in HIV RNA-suppressed (<50 copies/mL) HIV-infected men in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study from 1998 to 2009. Associations between dichotomized 6-month (<100% vs 100%) and categorized 4-day (<85%, 85%-99%, and 100%) cART adherence with biomarker concentrations were evaluated.
resultsA total of 912 men provided 2816 person-visits with documented plasma HIV RNA suppression. In adjusted models, person-visits at which <100% cART 6-month adherence was reported had higher concentrations of interleukin 2, 6, and 10, interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor α, and C-reactive protein than person-visits at which 100% cART adherence (P < .05) was reported. These same differences were observed in person-visits reporting <85% versus 100% 4-day cART adherence, but not in visits reporting 85%-99% versus 100% cART adherence. After adjustment for multiple comparisons, tumor necrosis factor α remained significantly higher (11% increase; P < .001) in person-visits at which <100% adherence was reported.
conclusionsHigher concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers were observed among HIV RNA-suppressed men who reported <100% cART adherence than among more adherent men. Residual HIV replication (ie, below the limit of detection), more likely among men with suboptimal adherence, is a plausible mechanism. Whether improving cART adherence could affect residual inflammation and associated morbidity and mortality rates should be investigated.
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