ArticleNeuroImage2017
A virtual water maze revisited: Two-year changes in navigation performance and their neural correlates in healthy adults.
Article in NeuroImage, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04600726 (Application of VR-based Working Memory Screening Test to Facilitate Early Detection of Dementia), which is not on this map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Application of VR-based Working Memory Screening Test to Facilitate Early Detection of Dementia
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- A meta-analysis of sex differences in human navigation skills.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2019Pooled it
- Associations of mobility and frailty risk with wayfinding ability in aging.Behavioral neuroscience · 2026Article
- The impact of perceived human and computer interaction on collaborative learning: insights from the Map Task.Cognitive processing · 2026Article
- Virtual Morris Water Task: Procedures and Protocols for the Assessment of Spatial Navigation and Memory.Current protocols · 2026Article
- Bridging Space Perception, Emotions, and Artificial Intelligence in Neuroarchitecture.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Age differences in spatial navigation stem from a preference for familiar routes rather than impaired landmark-dependent strategies.Psychology and aging · 2025Article
- Mapping hippocampal-cerebellar functional connectivity across the human adult lifespan.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Mobility impairment and fall concern predict wayfinding ability in persons with multiple sclerosis.Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · 2025Article
- Age and Self-Expansion Behaviors Correlate with Spatial Navigation in Healthy Adults.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- A cognitive-motor framework for spatial navigation in aging and early-stage Alzheimer's disease.Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior · 2025Review
- Navigating space and the developing mind.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Review
- Age- and sex-related differences in landmark recall following a virtual spatial navigation task.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Article
- Spatial Orientation Assessment in the Elderly: A Comprehensive Review of Current Tests.Brain sciences · 2024Review
- Consensus Paper: Cerebellum and Ageing.Cerebellum (London, England) · 2024Review
- On the Move: Correlation of Impaired Mobility with Spatial Navigation Ability in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis.Brain sciences · 2024Article
- Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with cortical thickness of medial temporal brain areas associated with spatial cognition in young but not older adults.The European journal of neuroscience · 2024Article
- Hippocampal contributions to novel spatial learning are both age-related and age-invariant.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Hippocampal contributions to novel spatial learning are both age-related and age-invariant.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Moderating role of physical activity on hippocampal iron deposition and memory outcomes in typically aging older adults.Neurobiology of aging · 2023Article
- Human-to-monkey transfer learning identifies the frontal white matter as a key determinant for predicting monkey brain age.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Age-related declines in spatial navigation are associated with deficits in procedural and episodic memory and deterioration of their neural substrates. For the lack of longitudinal evidence, the pace and magnitude of these declines and their neural mediators remain unclear. Here we examined virtual navigation in healthy adults (N=213, age 18-77 years) tested twice, two years apart, with complementary indices of navigation performance (path length and complexity) measured over six learning trials at each occasion. Slopes of skill acquisition curves and longitudinal change therein were estimated in structural equation modeling, together with change in regional brain volumes and iron content (R2* relaxometry). Although performance on the first trial did not differ between occasions separated by two years, the slope of path length improvement over trials was shallower and end-of-session performance worse at follow-up. Advanced age, higher pulse pressure, smaller cerebellar and caudate volumes, and greater caudate iron content were associated with longer search paths, i.e. poorer navigation performance. In contrast, path complexity diminished faster over trials at follow-up, albeit less so in older adults. Improvement in path complexity after two years was predicted by lower baseline hippocampal iron content and larger parahippocampal volume. Thus, navigation path length behaves as an index of perceptual-motor skill that is vulnerable to age-related decline, whereas path complexity may reflect cognitive mapping in episodic memory that improves with repeated testing, although not enough to overcome age-related deficits.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.