Observational studyThe lancet. HIV2016
Mortality in HIV-infected women, heterosexual men, and men who have sex with men in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: an observational cohort study.
Observational study in The lancet. HIV, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Weight loss and mortality in people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Pooled it
- Safety and Efficacy of Long-Acting Injectable Agents for HIV-1: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2023Pooled it
- Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of opportunistic infections in advanced HIV disease patients among men who have sex with men in Vietnam: A prospective cross-sectional study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- HIV/AIDS Mortality Trends in Lang Son, Vietnam: Insights from a Population-Based Mortality Registration from 2005 to 2018.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Mortality and immunological indicators of men who have sex with men living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy: a 10-year retrospective cohort study in Southern China.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Epidemiological and spatial analysis of newly diagnosed HIV-1/AIDS patients before antiretroviral therapy in Ningxia from 2020 to 2021.PloS one · 2025Article
- Cohort profile: a nationwide retrospective cohort of mortality in people living with HIV in Korea, 1985-2020.Epidemiology and health · 2025Article
- Hospitalizations and deaths among people coinfected with HIV and HCV.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Pathways to Poor Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy Among People Living with HIV: The Role of Food Insecurity and Alcohol Misuse.AIDS and behavior · 2024Article
- Sex stratification of the trends and risk of mortality among individuals living with HIV under different transmission categories.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Early mortality in a cohort of people living with HIV in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2004-2015: a persisting problem.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Observational
- A comparative analysis on characteristics and mortalities of four key transmission populations on antiretroviral therapy: a retrospective cohort study in Northwest China.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Survival and risk factors associated with mortality in people living with HIV from 2005 to 2018 in Nanjing, China.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Allocating treatment resources for hepatitis C in the UK: a constrained optimization modelling approach.Journal of market access & health policy · 2021Article
- Late initiation of antiretroviral therapy: inequalities by educational level despite universal access to care and treatment.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Implementation of blanket provider-initiated testing and counselling: Predictors of HIV seropositivity among infants, children and adolescents in Cameroon.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2020Article
- Prospective International Study of Incidence and Predictors of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome and Death in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Severe Lymphopenia.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Article
- Sex differences in HIV treatment outcomes and adherence by exposure groups among adults in Guangdong, China: A retrospective observational cohort study.EClinicalMedicine · 2020Article
- Determinants of survival of people living with HIV/AIDS on antiretroviral therapy in Brazil 2006-2015.BMC infectious diseases · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMortality in HIV-infected individuals might differ by sex and mode of HIV acquisition. We aimed to study mortality in HIV-infected women, heterosexual men, and men who have sex with men (MSM) in a cohort from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
methodsIn this observational cohort study, we included HIV-infected women, heterosexual men, and MSM (aged ≥18 years) from the Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas database who were enrolled between Jan 1, 2000, and Oct 30, 2011, and who had at least 60 days of follow-up. Causes of deaths, defined with the Coding of Death in HIV protocol, were documented. Cox proportional hazards models accounting for competing risks were used to explore risk factors for AIDS-related and non-AIDS-related deaths.
findingsWe had 10 142 person-years of follow-up from 2224 individuals: 817 (37%) women, 554 (25%) heterosexual men, and 853 (38%) MSM. Of 103 deaths occurred, 64 were AIDS related, 31 were non-AIDS related, and eight were of unknown causes. In unadjusted analyses, compared with women, the hazard of AIDS-related deaths was higher for heterosexual men (hazard ratio [HR] 3·52, 95% CI 1·30-9·08; p=0·009) and for MSM (2·30, 0·89-5·94; p=0·084). After adjustment for age, CD4 cell counts, last HIV viral load, antiretroviral therapy use, and AIDS-defining infection, AIDS-defining malignant disease, and hospital admission during follow-up, the excess risk of AIDS-related death decreased for heterosexual men (adjusted HR 1·99, 0·75-5·25; p=0·163) but was unchanged for MSM (2·24, 0·82-6·11; p=0·114). Non-AIDS-related mortality did not differ by group.
interpretationCompared with women, increased risk of AIDS-related death in heterosexual men was partly mitigated by risk factors for AIDS mortality, whereas the excess risk in MSM was unchanged. Further study of reasons for disparity in AIDS-related mortality by mode of transmission is needed.
fundingUS National Institutes of Health, Brazilian National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq), and Research Funding Agency of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ).
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.