ReviewNeuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology2017
Sex as a Biological Variable: Who, What, When, Why, and How.
Review in Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 101 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
101 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Changes in sex distribution in Achilles tendon rupture literature over 74 years: A systematic review.Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA · 2026Pooled it
- DNA methylation and general psychopathology in childhood: an epigenome-wide meta-analysis from the PACE consortium.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- The influence of sex and reproductive cycle on cocaine-induced behavioral and neurobiological alterations: a review.Experimental brain research · 2022Pooled it
- Effects of Serotonin Transporter Genotype and (Un)Predictable Maternal Separation on Affective, Cognitive, and Social Behaviors in Female Rats.Genes, brain, and behavior · 2026Article
- Real-world pharmacovigilance signals of antibody-drug conjugates: reporting patterns by payload, linker, target, and sex in FAERS.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Co-Expressed MicroRNAs Identify Potential Mechanisms Underlying Risk for Multimorbid Depression and Type 2 Diabetes in Midlife Women.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Aging and metabolism contribute separately to brain-body health.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Sex as a biological variable in human dental pulp stem cells: An exploratory epigenomic and transcriptomic comparison.Regenerative therapy · 2026Article
- Robust but independent sex differences in human brain function, structure, and behavior.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Sex as a biological variable in nonclinical studies: Bridging scientific rigor, animal welfare, and regulatory expectations.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Sex Differences in Psychotropic Drug Exposure and Safety: A Systematic Review Toward Personalized Dosing Strategies.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Review
- Checking assumptions: advancing the analysis of sex and gender in health sciences.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Puberty in Context: Accounting for Psychosocial Experiences in the Association Between Pubertal Timing, Sex/Gender, and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms in Canadian Youth.Depression and anxiety · 2026Article
- Sex differences in chemotherapy completion, toxicities, and survival in colon cancer: an analysis of 2201 patients from CALGB/SWOG 80702 (Alliance).Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2025Article
- Functional Role of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms on IFNG and IFNGR1 in Humans with Cardiovascular Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Psychological distance affects real movements in virtual reality: distance to food in anorexia nervosa.Journal of eating disorders · 2025Article
- Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease: Shared Risk Factors, Mechanisms, and Clinical Implications: JACC: CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review.JACC. CardioOncology · 2025Review
- Cardiovascular contributions to dementia: Examining sex differences and female-specific factors.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Review
- Are You Serious? The Absurdity of Policies Defining Two Sexes … Banning One and Erasing Others!The Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care : JANAC · 2025Article
- Exploring neuroendocrine influences on the sensorimotor-association axis in a female and a male individual.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
41 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The inclusion of sex as a biological variable in research is absolutely essential for improving our understanding of disease mechanisms contributing to risk and resilience. Studies focusing on examining sex differences have demonstrated across many levels of analyses and stages of brain development and maturation that males and females can differ significantly. This review will discuss examples of animal models and clinical studies to provide guidance and reference for the inclusion of sex as an important biological variable relevant to a Neuropsychopharmacology audience.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.