ArticleMarine drugs2016
Molecular Weight-Dependent Immunostimulative Activity of Low Molecular Weight Chitosan via Regulating NF-κB and AP-1 Signaling Pathways in RAW264.7 Macrophages.
Article in Marine drugs, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Versatility of Chitosan-Based Biomaterials and Their Use as Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration.TheScientificWorldJournal · 2017Pooled it
- Harnessing chitosan-based biomaterials for advanced cancer immunotherapy: from nanocarriers to tumor microenvironment modulation.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Chitosan nanoparticles for mucosal and needle-free vaccination.NPJ vaccines · 2026Review
- Deciphering the Structure-Immunomodulatory Function Relationships of Homopolysaccharides.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Marine Polysaccharides Modulating the Gut Microbiota-Immune Axis in Digestive Tract Tumors: An Update.Marine drugs · 2026Review
- Review
- Immunomodulatory effects of chitosan oligosaccharides produced by chitosanase from Bacillus isolate.AMB Express · 2025Article
- Chitosan immunomodulation: insights into mechanisms of action on immune cells and signaling pathways.RSC advances · 2025Review
- Review
- Applications of Chitosan in Prevention and Treatment Strategies of Infectious Diseases.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Role of Natural Binding Proteins in Therapy and Diagnostics.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Chitooligosaccharides improves intestinal mucosal immunity and intestinal microbiota in blue foxes.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Chitosan-based drug delivery systems for skin atopic dermatitis: recent advancements and patent trends.Drug delivery and translational research · 2023Review
- Enhancing immune response, antioxidant capacity, and gut health in growing beagles through a chitooligosaccharide diet.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- Application of chitosan-based nanoparticles in skin wound healing.Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2022Review
- Chitosan Oligosaccharides Alleviate Colitis by Regulating Intestinal Microbiota and PPARγ/SIRT1-Mediated NF-κB Pathway.Marine drugs · 2022Article
- Characterization of Different Salt Forms of Chitooligosaccharides and Their Effects on Nitric Oxide Secretion by Macrophages.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Immunomodulatory Effects ofMarine drugs · 2020Article
- Immunostimulatory Effects of Chitooligosaccharides on RAW 264.7 Mouse Macrophages via Regulation of the MAPK and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathways.Marine drugs · 2019Article
- Enzymatic Modifications of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharides.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chitosan and its derivatives such as low molecular weight chitosans (LMWCs) have been found to possess many important biological properties, such as antioxidant and antitumor effects. In our previous study, LMWCs were found to elicit a strong immunomodulatory response in macrophages dependent on molecular weight. Herein we further investigated the molecular weight-dependent immunostimulative activity of LMWCs and elucidated its mechanism of action on RAW264.7 macrophages. LMWCs (3 kDa and 50 kDa of molecular weight) could significantly enhance the mRNA expression levels of COX-2, IL-10 and MCP-1 in a molecular weight and concentration-dependent manner. The results suggested that LMWCs elicited a significant immunomodulatory response, which was dependent on the dose and the molecular weight. Regarding the possible molecular mechanism of action, LMWCs promoted the expression of the genes of key molecules in NF-κB and AP-1 pathways, including IKKβ, TRAF6 and JNK1, and induced the phosphorylation of protein IKBα in RAW264.7 macrophage. Moreover, LMWCs increased nuclear translocation of p65 and activation of activator protein-1 (AP-1, C-Jun and C-Fos) in a molecular weight-dependent manner. Taken together, our findings suggested that LMWCs exert immunostimulative activity via activation of NF-κB and AP-1 pathways in RAW264.7 macrophages in a molecular weight-dependent manner and that 3 kDa LMWC shows great potential as a novel agent for the treatment of immune suppression diseases and in future vaccines.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.