ArticleLab animal2016
The effect of light level, CO2 flow rate, and anesthesia on the stress response of mice during CO2 euthanasia.
Article in Lab animal, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Welfare Impact of Carbon Dioxide Euthanasia on Laboratory Mice and Rats: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2020Pooled it
- Carbon Dioxide Euthanasia Selectively Affects Physiology of Murine Retinal Cells, Implicating Carbonic Anhydrase-Expressing Cell Populations.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Suitability of prolonged meloxicam treatment in mice seems limited due to unfavorable pharmacokinetics, side effects, and impact on home-cage behaviors.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Intranasal Administration of Bedaquiline-Loaded Fucosylated Liposomes Provides Anti-Tubercular Activity while Reducing the Potential for Systemic Side Effects.ACS infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Article
- Subcutaneous and orally self-administered high-dose carprofen shows favorable pharmacokinetic and tolerability profiles in male and female C57BL/6J mice.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Thermal Response of Laboratory Rats (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- A review of methods used to kill laboratory rodents: issues and opportunities.Laboratory animals · 2022Review
- Physiologic and Behavioral Effects in Mice Anesthetized with Isoflurane in a Red-tinted or a Traditional Translucent Chamber.Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2022Article
- Evaluation of Euthanasia Methods on Behavioral and Physiological Responses of Newly Hatched Male Layer Chicks.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Article
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Responses to Carbon Dioxide Euthanasia in Conscious and Anesthetized Rats.Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2020Article
- Isoflurane and Carbon Dioxide Elicit Similar Behavioral Responses in Rats.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2020Article
- Gene silencing of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 inhibits lung cancer growth by suppressing T-cell exhaustion.Oncology letters · 2020Article
- Humanely Ending the Life of Animals: Research Priorities to Identify Alternatives to Carbon Dioxide.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2019Article
- Euthanasia via COMolecular reproduction and development · 2019Article
- Effect of Sex on Biomarker Response in a Mouse Model of the Hematopoietic Acute Radiation Syndrome.Health physics · 2019Article
- Nitrogen gas produces less behavioural and neurophysiological excitation than carbon dioxide in mice undergoing euthanasia.PloS one · 2019Article
- Fgf9Molecular neurobiology · 2018Article
- Evaluation of Best Practices for the Euthanasia of Zebra Finches (Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2017Article
- Review of CO₂ as a Euthanasia Agent for Laboratory Rats and Mice.Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Euthanasia protocols are designed to mitigate the stress experienced by animals, and an environment that induces minimal stress helps achieve that goal. A protocol that is efficient and practical in a typical animal research facility is also important. Light intensity, isoflurane, and CO2 flow rate were studied for their impact on the stress response of mice during CO2 euthanasia. Behavior was observed and scored during euthanasia and serum corticosterone was measured immediately after death. Unsurprisingly, animals euthanized with a high-flow rate of CO2 became unconscious in the least amount of time, while animals euthanized with a low-flow rate required the most time to reach unconsciousness. There was a significant increase in anxious behaviors in animals in the isoflurane group (F1,12 = 6.67, P = 0.024), the high-flow rate CO2 group (F1,12 = 10.24, P = 0.007), and bright chamber group (F1,12 = 7.27, P = 0.019). Serum corticosterone was highest in the isoflurane group (124.72 ± 83.98 ng/ml), however there was no significant difference in corticosterone levels observed for the other study variables of light and flow-rate. A darkened chamber and low CO2 flow rates help to decrease stress experienced during CO2 euthanasia, while the use of isoflurane was observed to increase the stress response during euthanasia.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.