ReviewNeuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology2017
Towards an Immunophenotype of Schizophrenia: Progress, Potential Mechanisms, and Future Directions.
Review in Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 92 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
92 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 184 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Insulin-like Growth Factor Family as a Potential Peripheral Biomarker in Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Predictors of successful anti-inflammatory drug trials in patients with schizophrenia: A meta-regression and critical commentary.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2023Pooled it
- Peripheral complement proteins in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of serological studies.Schizophrenia research · 2020Pooled it
- Differentiating the effect of antipsychotic medication and illness on brain volume reductions in first-episode psychosis: A Longitudinal, Randomised, Triple-blind, Placebo-controlled MRI Study.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2021Trial
- Associations between C-reactive protein levels and cognition during the first 6 months after acute psychosis.Acta neuropsychiatrica · 2019Trial
- Role and mechanism of gut microbiota and metabolites in schizophrenia complicated with sleep disorder.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Peripheral Inflammation In Adult ADHD: Sex Differences And Hematological Markers.The Psychiatric quarterly · 2026Article
- Cytokines in First-Episode Psychosis: Implications for Pathophysiology: A Narrative Literature Review.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Exploring the Relationship Between Inflammatory Biomarkers and Negative Symptoms Subtypes in Individuals at Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis.Early intervention in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Sharp-Wave EEG Activity and Cytomegalovirus Exposure in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Neuroimmune Perspective.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Distributional Characterization of CBC-Derived Inflammatory Indices in Hospitalized Patients with Schizophrenia.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Inflammation and sarcopenia exhibit distinct associations with psychopathology and executive function in schizophrenia.Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA · 2026Article
- Integrated alterations in inflammation, endothelial function, and extracellular matrix pathways in first-episode drug-naïve schizophrenia.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Article
- Investigating the disturbance in cortical glutamate and GABA function in psychosis and its origins and consequences.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Longitudinal investigation of the T helper (Th)1-Th2 balance and complement system in clinical high risk for psychosis cohort.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Article
- Inflammation is associated with avolition and reduced resting state functional connectivity in corticostriatal reward circuitry in patients with schizophrenia.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Article
- The moderating role of lifetime social engagement on the relationship between C-reactive protein and negative symptoms among young adults at clinical high risk for psychosis.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Article
- Minor immunomodulatory effects of psychotropics suggested in severe mental disorders: Associations of antipsychotics with beta defensin 2, antidepressants with C-reactive protein, and mood stabilizers with soluble interleukin 2 receptor.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Article
32 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The evidence to date, coupled with advances in immunology and genetics has afforded the field an unparalleled opportunity to investigate the hypothesis that a subset of patients with schizophrenia may manifest an immunophenotype, toward new potential diagnostics and therapeutics to reduce risk, alleviate symptoms, and improve quality of life in both at-risk populations and patients with established schizophrenia. In this paper, we will first summarize the findings on immune dysfunction in schizophrenia, including (1) genetic, prenatal, and premorbid immune risk factors and (2) immune markers across the clinical course of the disorder, including cytokines; C-reactive protein; immune cells; antibodies, autoantibodies and comorbid autoimmune disorders; complement; oxidative stress; imaging of neuroinflammation; infections; and clinical trials of anti-inflammatory agents and immunotherapy. We will then discuss a potential mechanistic framework toward increased understanding of a potential schizophrenia immunophenotype. We will then critically appraise the existing literature, and discuss suggestions for the future research agenda in this area that are needed to rigorously evaluate this hypothesis.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.