ReviewJournal of pharmaceutical sciences2016
The Density Code for the Development of a Vaccine?
Review in Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Advancing Protein Display on Bacterial Spores through an Extensive Survey of Coat Components.JACS Au · 2026Article
- Virus-like antigen display delivers a stand-alone danger signal through the BCR that circumvents tolerance.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Molecular mechanisms for direct sensing of virus-like antigens by B cells.International immunology · 2026Review
- Unveiling an Immunological Mystery: Deciphering the Durability Divide in Vaccine-Elicited Antibody Responses.Current HIV research · 2026Review
- Article
- In the activation of HPV-specific human B cells HPV-VLP vaccines mimic membrane-associated antigens.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Molecular ingredients of an immunogen for long-lasting IgG.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- An Integrated Signaling Threshold Initiates IgG Response toward Virus-like Immunogens.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2024Article
- T cell independent antibody responses with class switch and memory using peptides anchored on liposomes.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Minimal Determinants for Lifelong Antiviral Antibody Responses in Mice from a Single Exposure to Virus-like Immunogens at Low Doses.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Antigen-Clustered Nanovaccine Achieves Long-Term Tumor Remission by Promoting B/CD 4 T Cell Crosstalk.ACS nano · 2024Article
- Molecular basis for potent B cell responses to antigen displayed on particles of viral size.Nature immunology · 2023Article
- Lipid Membrane-Based Antigen Presentation to B Cells Using a Fully Synthetic Ex Vivo Germinal Center Model.Advanced nanobiomed research · 2022Article
- Site-Specific and Stable Conjugation of the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domain to Liposomes in the Absence of Any Other Adjuvants Elicits Potent Neutralizing Antibodies in BALB/c Mice.Bioconjugate chemistry · 2021Article
- Bacteriophage T4 Vaccine Platform for Next-Generation Influenza Vaccine Development.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Synthetic Liposomal Mimics of Biological Viruses for the Study of Immune Responses to Infection and Vaccination.Bioconjugate chemistry · 2020Article
- Self-Antigens Displayed on Liposomal Nanoparticles above a Threshold of Epitope Density Elicit Class-Switched Autoreactive Antibodies Independent of T Cell Help.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2020Article
- Vaccine nanoparticles displaying recombinant Ebola virus glycoprotein for induction of potent antibody and polyfunctional T cell responses.Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine · 2019Article
- Bacteriophage T4 nanoparticles for vaccine delivery against infectious diseases.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2019Review
- Genetic Engineering of Bacteriophages Against Infectious Diseases.Frontiers in microbiology · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The development of prophylactic vaccines remains largely empirical in nature and rarely have general rules been applied in the strategic decision and the formulation of a viral vaccine. Currently, there are a total of 15 virus agents from 12 unique virus families with vaccines licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Extensive structural information on these viral particles and potential mechanisms of protection are available for the majority of these virus pathogens and their respective vaccines. Here I review the quantitative features of these viral surface antigens in relation to the molecular mechanisms of B-cell activation and point out a potential correlation between the density of immunogenic proteins displayed on the surface of the vaccine antigen carrier and the success of a vaccine. These features help us understand the humoral immunity induced by viral vaccines on a quantitative ground and re-emphasize the importance of antigen density on the activation of the immune system. Although the detailed mechanisms behind this phenomenon remain to be explored, it implies that both the size of antigen carriers and the density of immunogenic proteins displayed on these carriers are important parameters that may need to be optimized for the formulation of a vaccine.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.