Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27648593›Full record

Observational studyEpidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)2017

Theoretical Effects of Substituting Butter with Margarine on Risk of Cardiovascular Disease.

Qing Liu, Jacques E Rossouw, Mary B Roberts, Simin Liu, Karen C Johnson, James M Shikany, JoAnn E Manson, Lesley F Tinker, Charles B Eaton

Open access · greenAbstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
12citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
1.0field-weighted citation impact, top 23% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

12 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Qing LiuFrom the aDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; bCenter for Primary Care and Prevention, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket, RI; cNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD; dDepartment of Medicine, Brown University Alpert School of Medicine, Providence, RI; eUniversity of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; fDivision of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; gBrigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; hDivision of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; and iDepartment of Family Medicine, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI.
Jacques E Rossouw
Mary B Roberts
Simin Liu
Karen C Johnson
James M Shikany
JoAnn E Manson
Lesley F Tinker
Charles B Eaton
National Institutes of Health · US

Funding

NHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201000020CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100001INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100002INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100003INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100004INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100046CNIA NIH HHS HHSN271201100004CWHI NIH HHS HHSN268201100001CWHI NIH HHS HHSN268201100002CWHI NIH HHS HHSN268201100003CWHI NIH HHS HHSN268201100004C
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundSeveral recent articles have called into question the deleterious effects of high animal fat diets due to mixed results from epidemiologic studies and the lack of clinical trial evidence in meta-analyses of dietary intervention trials. We were interested in examining the theoretical effects of substituting plant-based fats from different types of margarine for animal-based fat from butter on the risk of atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease (CVD).

methodsWe prospectively studied 71,410 women, aged 50-79 years, and evaluated their risk for clinical myocardial infarction (MI), total coronary heart disease (CHD), ischemic stroke, and atherosclerosis-related CVD with an average of 13.2 years of follow-up. Butter and margarine intakes were obtained at baseline and year 3 by means of a validated food frequency questionnaire. Cox proportional hazards regression using a cumulative average diet method was used to estimate the theoretical effect of substituting 1 teaspoon/day of three types of margarine for the same amount of butter.

resultsSubstituting butter or stick margarine with tub margarine was associated with lower risk of MI (HRs = 0.95 and 0.91). Subgroup analyses, which evaluated these substitutions among participants with a single source of spreadable fat, showed stronger associations for MI (HRs = 0.92 and 0.87). Outcomes of total CHD, ischemic stroke, and atherosclerosis-related CVD showed wide confidence intervals but the same trends as the MI results.

conclusionsThis theoretical dietary substitution analysis suggests that substituting butter and stick margarine with tub margarine when spreadable fats are eaten may be associated with reduced risk of myocardial infarction.

Indexed as

AgedAtherosclerosisBrain IschemiaButterCardiovascular DiseasesCoronary DiseaseDietDietary FatsDietary Fats, UnsaturatedFatty AcidsFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansMargarineMiddle AgedMyocardial InfarctionButterDietary FatsDietary Fats, UnsaturatedFatty AcidsMargarineTrans Fatty Acids

Identifiers

PMID27648593
PMCPMC5480968
OpenAlexW2523063434

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.