Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27648464›Full record

ReviewNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation2016

Restoring immune tolerance in neuromyelitis optica: Part II.

Amit Bar-Or, Larry Steinman, Jacinta M Behne, Daniel Benitez-Ribas, Peter S Chin, Michael Clare-Salzler, Donald Healey, James I Kim, David M Kranz, Andreas Lutterotti and 8 more

Open access · goldAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
19citing papers in PubMed
2.6field-weighted citation impact, top 10% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

19 citing papers in PubMed, 56 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Review
  2. Induction of immune tolerance in NMOSD and MOGAD.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2025
    Review
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Review
  6. B-Cell Compartmental Features and Molecular Basis for Therapy in Autoimmune Disease.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2021
    Article
  7. New Therapeutic Landscape in Neuromyelitis Optica.Current treatment options in neurology · 2021
    Review
  8. Review
  9. Article
  10. Review
  11. Review
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Review
  15. Treatment strategies for autoimmune encephalitis.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2018
    Review
  16. Review
  17. Review
  18. Review
  19. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Amit Bar-OrNeuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (H.L.W.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA.
Larry SteinmanNeuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (H.L.W.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA.
Jacinta M BehneNeuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (H.L.W.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA.
Daniel Benitez-RibasNeuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (H.L.W.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA.
Peter S ChinNeuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (H.L.W.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA.
Michael Clare-SalzlerNeuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (H.L.W.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA.
Donald HealeyNeuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (H.L.W.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA.
James I KimNeuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (H.L.W.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA.
David M KranzNeuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (H.L.W.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA.
Andreas LutterottiNeuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (H.L.W.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA.
Roland MartinNeuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (H.L.W.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA.
Sven SchipplingNeuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (H.L.W.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA.
Pablo VillosladaNeuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (H.L.W.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA.
Cheng-Hong WeiNeuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (H.L.W.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA.
Howard L WeinerNeuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (H.L.W.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA.
Scott S ZamvilNeuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (H.L.W.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA.
Terry J SmithNeuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (H.L.W.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA.
Michael R YeamanNeuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (H.L.W.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA.
Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital · CA

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMO/SD) and its clinical variants have at their core the loss of immune tolerance to aquaporin-4 and perhaps other autoantigens. The characteristic phenotype is disruption of astrocyte function and demyelination of spinal cord, optic nerves, and particular brain regions. In this second of a 2-part article, we present further perspectives regarding the pathogenesis of NMO/SD and how this disease might be amenable to emerging technologies aimed at restoring immune tolerance to disease-implicated self-antigens. NMO/SD appears to be particularly well-suited for these strategies since aquaporin-4 has already been identified as the dominant autoantigen. The recent technical advances in reintroducing immune tolerance in experimental models of disease as well as in humans should encourage quantum leaps in this area that may prove productive for novel therapy. In this part of the article series, the potential for regulatory T and B cells is brought into focus, as are new approaches to oral tolerization. Finally, a roadmap is provided to help identify potential issues in clinical development and guide applications in tolerization therapy to solving NMO/SD through the use of emerging technologies. Each of these perspectives is intended to shine new light on potential cures for NMO/SD and other autoimmune diseases, while sparing normal host defense mechanisms.

Identifiers

PMID27648464
PMCPMC5015540
OpenAlexW2509787928

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