ArticleBMC biology2016
Functional integration of the circulatory, immune, and respiratory systems in mosquito larvae: pathogen killing in the hemocyte-rich tracheal tufts.
Article in BMC biology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tracheal terminal cells ofeLife · 2026Article
- Functional Analysis ofInsects · 2026Article
- Recent insights in the development and functions of insect hemocytes.Current opinion in insect science · 2026Review
- Characterization of Anopheles gambiae immune cells through genetic and functional immunophenotyping.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Phagocytic hemocytes, independent of pericardial cells, modulate cellular immune responses on the dorsal vessel of mosquitoes, including the infection-induced reduction of the heart rate.Cell and tissue research · 2025Article
- Article
- Exploring new dimensions of immune cell biology inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Article
- Immune Reactions of Vector Insects to Parasites and Pathogens.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Localization of nitric oxide-producing hemocytes in Aedes and Culex mosquitoes infected with bacteria.Cell and tissue research · 2024Article
- Potassium ion channels as a molecular target to reduce virus infection and mortality of honey bee colonies.Virology journal · 2023Article
- A Comparative Analysis of RNAi Trigger Uptake and Distribution in Mosquito Vectors of Disease.Insects · 2023Article
- The immune deficiency and c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways drive the functional integration of the immune and circulatory systems of mosquitoes.Open biology · 2022Article
- Hematopoietic plasticity mapped ineLife · 2022Review
- NO Synthesis in Immune-Challenged Locust Hemocytes and Potential Signaling to the CNS.Insects · 2021Article
- Article
- The immune and circulatory systems are functionally integrated across insect evolution.Science advances · 2020Article
- Article
- Transstadial immune activation in a mosquito: Adults that emerge from infected larvae have stronger antibacterial activity in their hemocoel yet increased susceptibility to malaria infection.Ecology and evolution · 2019Article
- Transstadial transmission of larval hemocoelic infection negatively affects development and adult female longevity in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae.Journal of invertebrate pathology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAs both larvae and adults, mosquitoes encounter a barrage of immune insults, ranging from microbe-rich communities in larval habitats to ingested blood-borne pathogens in adult blood meals. Given that mosquito adults have evolved an efficient means of eliminating infections in their hemocoel (body cavity) via the coordinated action of their immune and circulatory systems, the goal of the present study was to determine whether such functional integration is also present in larvae.
resultsBy fluorescently labeling hemocytes (immune cells), pericardial cells, and the heart, we discovered that fourth instar larvae, unlike adults, contain segmental hemocytes but lack the periostial hemocytes that surround the ostia (heart valves) in abdominal segments 2-7. Instead, larvae contain an abundance of sessile hemocytes at the tracheal tufts, which are respiratory structures that are unique to larvae, are located in the posterior-most abdominal segment, and surround what in larvae are the sole incurrent openings for hemolymph entry into the heart. Injection of fluorescent immune elicitors and bacteria into the larval hemocoel then showed that tracheal tuft hemocytes mount rapid and robust immune responses against foreign insults. Indeed, green fluorescent protein-labeled Escherichia coli flowing with the hemolymph rapidly aggregate exclusively at the tracheal tufts, where they are killed within 24 h post-infection via both phagocytosis and melanization.
conclusionTogether, these findings show that the functional integration of the circulatory, respiratory, and immune systems of mosquitoes varies drastically across life stages.
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