ArticleClinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases2017
Potential economic burden of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in the United States.
Article in Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 123 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
123 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Decolonization strategies for ESBL-producing or carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales carriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) acquisition and molecular characterization following colistin monotherapy and colistin-meropenem combination therapy: findings from the AIDA randomized trial.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2025Trial
- Construction of a Risk Prediction Model for Subsequent Bloodstream Infection in Intestinal Carriers of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae: A Retrospective Study in Hematology Department and Intensive Care Unit.Infection and drug resistance · 2021Trial
- A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase 2 Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Plazomicin Compared with Levofloxacin in the Treatment of Complicated Urinary Tract Infection and Acute Pyelonephritis.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2018Trial
- Infection outbreaks caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales: An epidemiological surveillance study in public hospitals in Chile, 2017-2024.Global epidemiology · 2026Article
- Mortality and cost of therapy of carbapenem susceptible vs resistant Gram-negative infections among hospitalised patients in India: a multicentric surveillance (2022-2025).The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2026Article
- Sensitizing carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae using a compact Cascade-Cas3 system.International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology · 2026Article
- Prospective validation and implementation of a model to identify patients with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) carriage on admission to acute care hospitals.Infection control and hospital epidemiology · 2026Article
- Ceftazidime-avibactam for multidrug-resistant gram-negative infections: outcomes and timing of initiation across 22 U.S. medical centers.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and associated factors of critical superbugs Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter species among hospitalized patients in Northwest Ethiopia.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Carbapenemases: epidemiology, detection and management in a changing global landscape.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2026Review
- Untargeted metabolomics reveals organism specific biomarkers of carbapenem resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2026Article
- Emergence and Spread of Carbapenem Antimicrobial Resistance: A Review on Mechanism of Drug Resistance and Laboratory Detection.Annals of African medicine · 2026Review
- Overcoming resistance barriers: Using the salvage therapy of Ceftazidime-Avibactam and Aztreonam for difficult-to-treat gram-negative infections at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi-A retrospective cohort pilot.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteremia in a medical intensive care unit: predictors, antimicrobial susceptibilities, and its effects on mortality.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli from Intensive Care Units from Latin America and the Caribbean: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Exploring the Effectiveness of Imipenem/Relebactam in Patients with Antimicrobial-Resistant Hospital-Acquired Infections: Findings from Systematic Literature Reviews.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- First report of anMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Early trajectories of antibiotic exposure and colonization pressure and risk of ICU-acquired carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: A prospective cohort study.Annals of intensive care · 2026Article
- Survey-based risk factors and genomic characterization of oral and oropharyngealFrontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
63 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention considers carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) an urgent public health threat; however, its economic burden is unknown.
methodsWe developed a CRE clinical and economics outcomes model to determine the cost of CRE infection from the hospital, third-party payer, and societal, perspectives and to evaluate the health and economic burden of CRE to the USA.
resultsDepending on the infection type, the median cost of a single CRE infection can range from $22 484 to $66 031 for hospitals, $10 440 to $31 621 for third-party payers, and $37 778 to $83 512 for society. An infection incidence of 2.93 per 100 000 population in the USA (9418 infections) would cost hospitals $275 million (95% CR $217-334 million), third-party payers $147 million (95% CR $129-172 million), and society $553 million (95% CR $303-1593 million) with a 25% attributable mortality, and would result in the loss of 8841 (95% CR 5805-12 420) quality-adjusted life years. An incidence of 15 per 100 000 (48 213 infections) would cost hospitals $1.4 billion (95% CR $1.1-1.7 billion), third-party payers $0.8 billion (95% CR $0.6-0.8 billion), and society $2.8 billion (95% CR $1.6-8.2 billion), and result in the loss of 45 261 quality-adjusted life years.
conclusionsThe cost of CRE is higher than the annual cost of many chronic diseases and of many acute diseases. Costs rise proportionally with the incidence of CRE, increasing by 2.0 times, 3.4 times, and 5.1 times for incidence rates of 6, 10, and 15 per 100 000 persons.
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