ReviewCritical care (London, England)2016
The critical care management of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage: a contemporary review.
Review in Critical care (London, England), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 78 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
78 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 169 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical benefits of invasive intracranial pressure monitoring for spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Intracranial hemorrhages in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review of the literature, regarding six cases in an Amazonian population.Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria · 2023Pooled it
- Intracranial Hypertension After Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prevalence and Mortality Rate.Neurocritical care · 2019Pooled it
- Determinants of intensive care unit-acquired acute brain injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a retrospective cohort study of ventilator settings and patient factors.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- A Resource-Efficient Hybrid Deep Learning Framework with External Validation for Intracranial Hemorrhage Detection in CT Scans.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Combined application of the modified early warning score and the modified hematoma expansion prediction score for predicting hematoma expansion in intracerebral hemorrhage.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Decoding spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: mechanistic breakthroughs and disruptive revolution in pharmacological treatment.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Enhancing hematoma expansion prediction in hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage based on habitat and perihematomal edema radiomics from non-contrast CT: a dual-center study.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Safety and efficacy of tranexamic acid and beta-blockers for traumatic brain injury: A systematical review and meta-analysis.Surgical neurology international · 2026Article
- Postoperative Rebleeding: The Sword of Damocles in Minimally Invasive Surgery for Intracerebral Hemorrhage.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
- Interpretable machine learning for postoperative sepsis prediction in ICU patients following intracranial hematoma evacuation.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Surgery for intracerebral hemorrhage: new evidence and changing perspectives.Critical care (London, England) · 2025Review
- Risk Factors for Early Poor Outcomes in In-hospital Intracranial Hemorrhage: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Neurocritical care · 2025Article
- Machine learning identification of key genes in cardioembolic stroke and atherosclerosis: their association with pan-cancer and immune cells.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Deferoxamine for Spontaneous Intracranial Hemorrhage: A Pilot Study on Neurological and Radiological Outcomes.Korean journal of neurotrauma · 2025Article
- Anticoagulation reversal (vitamin K, prothrombin complex concentrates, idarucizumab, andexanet-α, protamine).British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2025Review
- Article
- Tungsten-based polyoxometalate nanoclusters as ferroptosis inhibitors modulating S100A8/A9-mediated iron metabolism pathway for managing intracerebral haemorrhage.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Article
- Machine learning based classification of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhages using radiomics features.Neuroradiology · 2025Article
- Deep learning segmentation-based bone removal from computed tomography of the brain improves subdural hematoma detection.Journal of neuroradiology = Journal de neuroradiologie · 2025Article
18 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), defined as nontraumatic bleeding into the brain parenchyma, is the second most common subtype of stroke, with 5.3 million cases and over 3 million deaths reported worldwide in 2010. Case fatality is extremely high (reaching approximately 60 % at 1 year post event). Only 20 % of patients who survive are independent within 6 months. Factors such as chronic hypertension, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and anticoagulation are commonly associated with ICH. Chronic arterial hypertension represents the major risk factor for bleeding. The incidence of hypertension-related ICH is decreasing in some regions due to improvements in the treatment of chronic hypertension. Anticoagulant-related ICH (vitamin K antagonists and the newer oral anticoagulant drugs) represents an increasing cause of ICH, currently accounting for more than 15 % of all cases. Although questions regarding the optimal medical and surgical management of ICH still remain, recent clinical trials examining hemostatic therapy, blood pressure control, and hematoma evacuation have advanced our understanding of ICH management. Timely and aggressive management in the acute phase may mitigate secondary brain injury. The initial management should include: initial medical stabilization; rapid, accurate neuroimaging to establish the diagnosis and elucidate an etiology; standardized neurologic assessment to determine baseline severity; prevention of hematoma expansion (blood pressure management and reversal of coagulopathy); consideration of early surgical intervention; and prevention of secondary brain injury. This review aims to provide a clinical approach for the practicing clinician.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.