Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27638945›Full record

ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2016

Genomic Epidemiology of Gonococcal Resistance to Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporins, Macrolides, and Fluoroquinolones in the United States, 2000-2013.

Yonatan H Grad, Simon R Harris, Robert D Kirkcaldy, Anna G Green, Debora S Marks, Stephen D Bentley, David Trees, Marc Lipsitch

Open access · hybridAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 145 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
145citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
24.0field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

145 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 237 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Trial
  4. Rise ofAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2026
    Article
  5. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization ofJAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2026
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Why Are Gonorrhea Case Rates Declining in the United States? A Research Agenda.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026
    Review
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Fluoroquinolone resistance-conferringbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
    Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Whole-genome analysis of extensively drug-resistantJAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025
    Article

85 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.

Yonatan H GradDepartment of Immunology and Infectious Diseases.
Simon R HarrisWellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton.
Robert D KirkcaldyCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Anna G GreenDepartment of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
Debora S MarksDepartment of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
Stephen D BentleyWellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton.
David TreesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Marc LipsitchDepartment of Immunology and Infectious Diseases.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention · USHarvard University · USCenter for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy · USCenter for Systems Biology · USUniversity of Cambridge · GBWellcome Sanger Institute · GB

Funding

Understanding and controlling antibiotic resistanceU54GM088558 · NIGMS · HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH · PI HANAGE, WILLIAM · 2009 to 2018
$26.4M
INFECTIOUS DISEASE AND BASIC MICROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMST32AI007061 · NIAID · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI Marcia B Goldberg · 1985 to 2026
$12.1M
Accelerated Determination of 3D Structures of Proteins and ComplexesR01GM106303 · NIGMS · SLOAN-KETTERING INST CAN RESEARCH · PI SANDER, CHRIS · 2013 to 2016
$1.7M
Genomic epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with elevated MICs to cefiximeK08AI104767 · NIAID · HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH · PI GRAD, YONATAN H · 2013 to 2015
$547k
NIAID NIH HHS K08 AI104767NIAID NIH HHS T32 AI007061NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM106303NIGMS NIH HHS U54 GM088558Wellcome Trust 098051
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundTreatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection is empirical and based on population-wide susceptibilities. Increasing antimicrobial resistance underscores the potential importance of rapid diagnostic tests, including sequence-based tests, to guide therapy. However, the usefulness of sequence-based diagnostic tests depends on the prevalence and dynamics of the resistance mechanisms.

methodsWe define the prevalence and dynamics of resistance markers to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones in 1102 resistant and susceptible clinical N. gonorrhoeae isolates collected from 2000 to 2013 via the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project.

resultsReduced extended-spectrum cephalosporin susceptibility is predominantly clonal and associated with the mosaic penA XXXIV allele and derivatives (sensitivity 98% for cefixime and 91% for ceftriaxone), but alternative resistance mechanisms have sporadically emerged. Reduced azithromycin susceptibility has arisen through multiple mechanisms and shows limited clonal spread; the basis for resistance in 36% of isolates with reduced azithromycin susceptibility is unclear. Quinolone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae has arisen multiple times, with extensive clonal spread.

conclusionsQuinolone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae and reduced cefixime susceptibility appear amenable to development of sequence-based diagnostic tests, whereas the undefined mechanisms of resistance to ceftriaxone and azithromycin underscore the importance of phenotypic surveillance. The identification of multidrug-resistant isolates highlights the need for additional measures to respond to the threat of untreatable gonorrhea.

Indexed as

Drug Resistance, BacterialAnti-Bacterial Agentsbeta-Lactam ResistanceCephalosporinsFluoroquinolonesGenes, BacterialGenomicsGonorrheaHumansMacrolidesNeisseria gonorrhoeaePrevalenceUnited StatesAnti-Bacterial AgentsCephalosporinsFluoroquinolonesMacrolidesantibiotic resistancecephalosporinsfluoroquinolonesgenomic epidemiologygonorrheamacrolidesmolecular diagnosticsNeisseria gonorrhoeae

Identifiers

PMID27638945
PMCPMC5091375
OpenAlexW2520703081

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.