Trial reportThe Lancet. Infectious diseases2016
Vaccine-induced mucosal immunity to poliovirus: analysis of cohorts from an open-label, randomised controlled trial in Latin American infants.
Trial report in The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intestinal mucosal immune responses induced by novel oral poliovirus vaccine type 2 and Sabin monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine type 2: an analysis of data from four clinical trials.The Lancet. Microbe · 2025Pooled it
- Review of Poliovirus Transmission and Economic Modeling to Support Global Polio Eradication: 2020-2024.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Pooled it
- Oral live attenuated polio vaccines induce enhanced T-cell responses with broad antigen recognition compared to inactivated polio vaccines.Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) · 2026Trial
- Trial
- A Randomized Phase 4 Study of Immunogenicity and Safety After Monovalent Oral Type 2 Sabin Poliovirus Vaccine Challenge in Children Vaccinated with Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine in Lithuania.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Trial
- The Effect of Preexisting Immunity on Virus Detection and Immune Responses in a Phase II, Randomized Trial of a Russian-Backbone, Live, Attenuated Influenza Vaccine in Bangladeshi Children.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Trial
- Intestinal Immunity to Poliovirus Following Sequential Trivalent Inactivated Polio Vaccine/Bivalent Oral Polio Vaccine and Trivalent Inactivated Polio Vaccine-only Immunization Schedules: Analysis of an Open-label, Randomized, Controlled Trial in Chilean Infants.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2018Trial
- Protocol Paper: Oral Poliovirus Vaccine Transmissibility in Communities After Cessation of Routine Oral Poliovirus Vaccine Immunization.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2018Trial
- Intestinal Immune Responses to Type 2 Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) Challenge in Infants Previously Immunized With Bivalent OPV and Either High-Dose or Standard Inactivated Polio Vaccine.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2018Trial
- Harnessing mucosal immunity for protective vaccines.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Intestinal Mucosal Immune Responses to Novel Oral Poliovirus Vaccine Type 2 in Healthy Newborns.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Development of RT-PCR Assays for Simple Detection and Identification of Sabin Virus Contaminants in the Novel Oral Poliovirus Vaccines.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Nasal and Pharyngeal Mucosal Immunity to Poliovirus in Children Following Routine Immunization With Inactivated Polio Vaccine in the United States.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- High throughput AS LNA qPCR method for the detection of a specific mutation in poliovirus vaccine strains.Vaccine · 2024Article
- Endemic Human Coronavirus-Specific Nasal Immunoglobulin A and Serum Immunoglobulin G Dynamics in Lower Respiratory Tract Infections.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Mucosal response of inactivated and recombinant COVID-19 vaccines in Congolese individuals.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2023Article
- Article
- Does IPV Boost Intestinal Immunity among Children under Five Years of Age? An Experience from Pakistan.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Immuno-persistence of the different primary polio vaccine schedules and immunogenicity of the booster dose by sabin inactivated or bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine in children aged 4 years: an open-label, randomised, controlled phase 4 trial in China.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2023Article
- Pseudotyped Viruses for Enterovirus.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIdentification of mechanisms that limit poliovirus replication is crucial for informing decisions aimed at global polio eradication. Studies of mucosal immunity induced by oral poliovirus (OPV) or inactivated poliovirus (IPV) vaccines and mixed schedules thereof will determine the effectiveness of different vaccine strategies to block virus shedding. We used samples from a clinical trial of different vaccination schedules to measure intestinal immunity as judged by neutralisation of virus and virus-specific IgA in stools.
methodsIn the FIDEC trial, Latin American infants were randomly assigned to nine groups to assess the efficacy of two schedules of bivalent OPV (bOPV) and IPV and challenge with monovalent type 2 OPV, and stools samples were collected. We selected three groups of particular interest-the bOPV control group (serotypes 1 and 3 at 6, 10, and 14 weeks), the trivalent attenuated OPV (tOPV) control group (tOPV at 6, 10, and 14 weeks), and the bOPV-IPV group (bOPV at 6, 10, and 14 weeks plus IPV at 14 weeks). Neutralising activity and poliovirus type-specific IgA were measured in stool after a monovalent OPV type 2 challenge at 18 weeks of age. Mucosal immunity was measured by in-vitro neutralisation of a type 2 polio pseudovirus (PV2). Neutralisation titres and total and poliovirus-type-specific IgG and IgA concentrations in stools were assessed in samples collected before challenge and 2 weeks after challenge from all participants.
findings210 infants from Guatemala and Dominican Republic were included in this analysis. Of 38 infants tested for mucosal antibody in the tOPV group, two were shedding virus 1 week after challenge, compared with 59 of 85 infants receiving bOPV (p<0·0001) and 53 of 87 infants receiving bOPV-IPV (p<0·0001). Mucosal type 2 neutralisation and type-specific IgA were noted primarily in response to tOPV. An inverse correlation was noted between virus shedding and both serum type 2 neutralisation at challenge (p<0·0001) and mucosal type 2 neutralisation at challenge (p<0·0001).
interpretationMucosal type-2-specific antibodies can be measured in stool and develop in response to receipt of OPV type 2 either in the primary vaccine series or at challenge. These mucosal antibodies influence the amount of virus that is shed in an established infection.
fundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.