ReviewCold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology2016
Structural Biology and Evolution of the TGF-β Family.
Review in Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 240 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
240 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 365 citations in OpenAlex.
- Causal relationship between inflammatory cytokines and autoimmune thyroid disease: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Role of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 in Regulating Fetal-Maternal Immune Tolerance in Normal and Pathological Pregnancy.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Safety and Efficacy of Apitegromab in Patients With Spinal Muscular Atrophy Types 2 and 3: The Phase 2 TOPAZ Study.Neurology · 2024Trial
- SNX3 exacerbates hepatic fibrosis by amplifying TGF-Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Article
- The crystal structure of the activin B:Fst288 complex and computational insights into the broad antagonistic activity and specificity of follistatin.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- Structural basis for the contribution of latent TGFβ binding protein to TGFβ latency and activation.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Recurrent evolution of ligand-binding domain multiplicity fine-tunes TGFβ signaling in vertebrates.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Lentiviral-Mediated Expression of a Novel Transforming Growth Factor‑β (TGF-β) Inhibitor Peptibody Therapeutically Mitigates Established Liver Fibrosis by Modulating Inflammation and Inducing Metabolic Reprogramming.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2026Article
- Article
- An updated guide to hair follicle stem cell markers and changes in their expression with aging.JID innovations : skin science from molecules to population health · 2026Review
- Recent advances in TGF-β signaling: insights into regulation, pathophysiological function, and clinical translation.Cell regeneration (London, England) · 2026Article
- RET receptor tyrosine kinase architecture, assemblies, and activation.Endocrine-related cancer · 2026Review
- Cardiomyocyte-derived HSPB1 regulates TGF-β1 maturation and inhibits endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in myocardial fibrosis.iScience · 2026Article
- Article
- Calibrating tissue level PDE models of ligand dynamics using single cell and spatial transcriptomics data.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2026Article
- Secreted RCN3 acts as an early epithelial-fibroblast mediator via TGFβR1-Smad signaling in post-ALI pulmonary fibrosis.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Structural and functional analysis of the TGF-β mimic, TGM-2: an immunomodulatory helminth protein.Genes and immunity · 2026Article
- Clinical and Histological Outcomes of Autologous Dentin Matrix in Post-Extraction Alveolar Healing: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Review
- SYTL5 drives malignant progression in differentiated thyroid carcinoma: unveiling its regulatory mechanisms.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
180 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
We review the evolution and structure of members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family, antagonistic or agonistic modulators, and receptors that regulate TGF-β signaling in extracellular environments. The growth factor (GF) domain common to all family members and many of their antagonists evolved from a common cystine knot growth factor (CKGF) domain. The CKGF superfamily comprises six distinct families in primitive metazoans, including the TGF-β and Dan families. Compared with Wnt/Frizzled and Notch/Delta families that also specify body axes, cell fate, tissues, and other families that contain CKGF domains that evolved in parallel, the TGF-β family was the most fruitful in evolution. Complexes between the prodomains and GFs of the TGF-β family suggest a new paradigm for regulating GF release by conversion from closed- to open-arm procomplex conformations. Ternary complexes of the final step in extracellular signaling show how TGF-β GF dimers bind type I and type II receptors on the cell surface, and enable understanding of much of the specificity and promiscuity in extracellular signaling. However, structures suggest that when GFs bind repulsive guidance molecule (RGM) family coreceptors, type I receptors do not bind until reaching an intracellular, membrane-enveloped compartment, blurring the line between extra- and intracellular signaling. Modulator protein structures show how structurally diverse antagonists including follistatins, noggin, and members of the chordin family bind GFs to regulate signaling; complexes with the Dan family remain elusive. Much work is needed to understand how these molecular components assemble to form signaling hubs in extracellular environments in vivo.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.