ArticleTobacco control2016
Distribution, quantification and toxicity of cinnamaldehyde in electronic cigarette refill fluids and aerosols.
Article in Tobacco control, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 151 citations in OpenAlex.
- Electronic nicotine delivery system design and aerosol toxicants: A systematic review.PloS one · 2020Pooled it
- Altered lung function in mice is a sensitive indicator of lung damage following 6 months of electronic nicotine delivery system aerosol exposure.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2026Article
- Toxicity and Appeal of Flavoured E-Cigarettes and Flavour Ban Outcomes: A Narrative Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Review
- Molecular Health Effects of Electronic Cigarettes.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Aromatic aldehydes formed during heating of cinnamon-flavored e-liquids drive pro-inflammatory responses in human aortic smooth muscle cells.Current research in toxicology · 2026Article
- Unraveling the Toxicological Effects of Hydroxyacetone - A Reaction Product in Electronic Cigarette Aerosols.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- The Impact of Maternal/In Utero Exposure of Novel Tobacco Products on the Offspring Cardiovascular Health.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2025Review
- Article
- Stability of Flavoring Chemicals in e-Cigarette Liquids: A Naturalistic Product Aging Study over 24 months.ACS omega · 2025Article
- Pathophysiological Responses of Oral Keratinocytes After Exposure to Flavored E-Cigarette Liquids.Dentistry journal · 2025Article
- Pharmacological mechanism of natural antidepressants: the role of epigenetic modifications.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- E-cigarette flavoring chemicals and vehicles adversely impact the functions of pigmented human retinal ARPE-19 cells.Toxicology reports · 2024Article
- Toxicity of waterpipe tobacco smoking: the role of flavors, sweeteners, humectants, and charcoal.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2024Review
- The e-liquid flavoring cinnamaldehyde induces cellular stress responses in human proximal tubule (HK-2) kidney cells.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2024Article
- Fruit flavors in electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) are associated with nocturnal dry cough: A population longitudinal analysis.PloS one · 2024Article
- Electronic cigarette use and consumption patterns in medical university students.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Regulation of anti-phage defense mechanisms by using cinnamaldehyde as a quorum sensing inhibitor.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Consideration of vaping products as an alternative to adult smoking: a narrative review.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2023Review
- Aldehyde-Associated Mutagenesis─Current State of Knowledge.Chemical research in toxicology · 2023Review
- Chemical Elements, Flavor Chemicals, and Nicotine in Unused and Used Electronic Cigarettes Aged 5-10 Years and Effects of pH.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution, concentration and toxicity of cinnamaldehyde in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) refill fluids and aerosols.
methodsThe distribution and concentration of cinnamaldehyde were determined in 39 e-cigarette refill fluids plus 6 duplicates using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A cinnamaldehyde toxicity profile was established for embryonic and adult cells using a live cell imaging assay, immunocytochemistry, the comet assay and a recovery assay.
resultsTwenty of the 39 refill fluids contained cinnamaldehyde at concentrations that are cytotoxic to human embryonic and lung cells in the MTT assay. Cinnamon Ceylon aerosol produced in a cartomizer-style e-cigarette was cytotoxic. Cinnamon Ceylon aerosols and refill fluid aerosols (80% propylene glycol or cinnamaldehyde/propylene glycol) made using a tank/boxmod e-cigarette were more cytotoxic at 5 V than 3 V. Using GC/MS, aerosols produced at 5 V contained 10 additional peaks not present in aerosol generated at 3 V. One of these, 2,3-butandione (diacetyl), was confirmed with an authentic standard. Cinnamaldehyde depolymerised microtubules in human pulmonary fibroblasts. At concentrations that produced no effect in the MTT assay, cinnamaldehyde decreased growth, attachment and spreading; altered cell morphology and motility; increased DNA strand breaks; and increased cell death. At the MTT IC
conclusionsCinnamaldehyde-containing refill fluids and aerosols are cytotoxic, genotoxic and low concentrations adversely affect cell processes and survival. These data indicate that cinnamaldehyde in e-cigarette refill fluids/aerosols may impair homeostasis in the respiratory system.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.