ReviewNature reviews. Neurology2016
Fluid biomarkers for mild traumatic brain injury and related conditions.
Review in Nature reviews. Neurology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 166 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
RACE Study: Rapid, Accurate and Cost-effective Analysis of Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein Using a Hand-held Biosensor for Patient With Concussion in Acute Care and at Home Monitoring
Neuro-Inflammation in Extremity Trauma: Risk Verification in Elbow Trauma: The NERVE Pilot Cohort Study
Who cites it
166 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 296 citations in OpenAlex.
- Repetitive Head Impacts During Contact Sports and Fluid Biomarkers of Neural Damage: A Meta-analysis.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Pooled it
- Fluid Biomarkers of Cognitive Impairments Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- Neurodegenerative Disease and Association Football (NDAF): Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Pooled it
- Exploiting blood-based biomarkers to align preclinical models with human traumatic brain injury.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Systematic Review of the Diagnostic and Clinical Utility of Salivary microRNAs in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI).International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- A global collaboration to study intimate partner violence-related head trauma: The ENIGMA consortium IPV working group.Brain imaging and behavior · 2021Pooled it
- Role of task-based functional MRI in the assessment of sports-related concussion: a systematic review.Frontiers in neurologyPooled it
- Assessing head injury risk and neuroprotective effect of ketone monoester supplementation in military airborne training.Physiological reports · 2026Trial
- Effects of purposeful soccer heading on circulating small extracellular vesicle concentration and cargo.Journal of sport and health science · 2021Trial
- Associations between mean arterial pressure during cardiopulmonary bypass and biomarkers of cerebral injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: secondary results from a randomized controlled trial.Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery · 2021Trial
- Thermoregulatory and plasma neurobiomarker responses to heat tolerance assessment in exertional heat illness and matched controls.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Biological Markers of Cognitive Impairments in Combat and Contact-Sport Athletes: A Systematic Review.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Article
- Analytical Performance and Evaluation in Clinical Cohorts of a Fully Automated Immunoassay for Plasma Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Validation of Blood-Based Biomarkers After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury with GCS 15 in a Singapore Emergency Department: An Observational Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Observational
- Research progress on biomarkers of traumatic brain injury.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Youth Soccer Participation and Brain Health Outcomes in Adolescent Athletes.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Astrocytic contributions to the pathogenesis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a scoping review.Chinese neurosurgical journal · 2026Review
- Elevated serum brain injury markers are associated with disease activity, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and cognitive dysfunction in adolescents with childhood-onset SLE.Lupus science & medicine · 2026Article
- Article
106 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as concussion, remain a major unmet clinical need. Moderate to severe TBI can be diagnosed definitively by clinical assessment and standard neuroimaging techniques that detect the gross damage to the brain parenchyma. Diagnostic tools for mild TBI are lacking and, currently, the diagnosis has to be made on clinical grounds alone, because most patients show no gross pathological changes on CT. Most patients with mild TBI recover quickly, but about 15% develop an ill-defined condition called postconcussive syndrome (PCS). Repeated concussions have been associated with a chronic neurodegenerative disorder called chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), which can only currently be diagnosed post mortem. Fluid biomarkers are needed to better define and detect mild TBI and related conditions. Here, we review the literature on fluid biomarkers for neuronal, axonal, oligodendrocytic, astroglial and blood-brain barrier injury, as well as markers for neuroinflammation and metabolic dysregulation, in the context of mild TBI, PCS and CTE. We also discuss technical and standardization issues and potential pathways to advance the most promising biomarker candidates into clinical laboratory practice.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.