ArticlePLoS pathogens2016
Progesterone-Based Therapy Protects Against Influenza by Promoting Lung Repair and Recovery in Females.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04365127 (A Single Center, Randomized, Controlled Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Progesterone for the Treatment of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Men), which is not on this map. Cited by 90 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Single Center, Randomized, Controlled Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Progesterone for the Treatment of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Men
Who cites it
90 citing papers in PubMed, 117 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Roles of progestogens in influenza A virus-induced inflammatory responses.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Article
- Sex differences in immune responses to viruses, bacteria and vaccines.Nature immunology · 2026Review
- Host Factors Potentially Contributing to Increased Susceptibility in Certain Layer Chicken Lines.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Influenza B virus suppression of Chromosome Y-linked genes increases pulmonary virus replication and disease severity in male mice.Research square · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Lung Immunity.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Knowledge gaps and research priorities to understand sex differences in immunity.PLoS biology · 2026Review
- CSAD inhibits excessive inflammation during viral infections through the NF-κB signaling pathway.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- An amphiregulin reporter mouse enables transcriptional and clonal expansion analysis of reparative lung Tregs.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Sex Differences in Immune Responses to Infectious Diseases: The Role of Genetics, Hormones, and Aging.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Progesterone (P4) ameliorates cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2024Article
- Progesterone modulates the immune microenvironment to suppress ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation by inhibiting NETosis.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Progesterone amplifies allergic inflammation and airway pathology in association with higher lung ILC2 responses.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2024Article
- The role of pre-onset hair hormone in predicting the prognosis of patients with severe pneumonia and acute COVID-19 outbreak.Heliyon · 2024Article
- The impact of hormones on lung development and function: an overlooked aspect to consider from early childhood.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Review
- Mechanisms and consequences of sex differences in immune responses.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2024Review
- New insights on the potential effect of progesterone in Covid-19: Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2023Review
- Intrinsic Effects of Exposome in Atopic Dermatitis: Genomics, Epigenomics and Regulatory Layers.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Proteins in pregnant swine serum promote the African swine fever virus replication: an iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis.Virology journal · 2023Article
- The Role of Cluster of Differentiation 39 (CD39) and Purinergic Signaling Pathway in Viral Infections.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
30 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Over 100 million women use progesterone therapies worldwide. Despite having immunomodulatory and repair properties, their effects on the outcome of viral diseases outside of the reproductive tract have not been evaluated. Administration of exogenous progesterone (at concentrations that mimic the luteal phase) to progesterone-depleted adult female mice conferred protection from both lethal and sublethal influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Progesterone treatment altered the inflammatory environment of the lungs, but had no effects on viral load. Progesterone treatment promoted faster recovery by increasing TGF-β, IL-6, IL-22, numbers of regulatory Th17 cells expressing CD39, and cellular proliferation, reducing protein leakage into the airway, improving pulmonary function, and upregulating the epidermal growth factor amphiregulin (AREG) in the lungs. Administration of rAREG to progesterone-depleted females promoted pulmonary repair and improved the outcome of IAV infection. Progesterone-treatment of AREG-deficient females could not restore protection, indicating that progesterone-mediated induction of AREG caused repair in the lungs and accelerated recovery from IAV infection. Repair and production of AREG by damaged respiratory epithelial cell cultures in vitro was increased by progesterone. Our results illustrate that progesterone is a critical host factor mediating production of AREG by epithelial cells and pulmonary tissue repair following infection, which has important implications for women's health.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.