ArticleFrontiers in immunology2016
Extracellular Vesicles Including Exosomes Regulate Innate Immune Responses to Hepatitis B Virus Infection.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 120 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
120 citing papers in PubMed, 181 citations in OpenAlex.
- Liver Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of Viral Hepatitis.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Novel perspectives on extracellular vesicles in autoimmune diseases: immunogenicity, inflammation, and immune surveillance.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Hepatocyte-Derived Apoptotic Bodies as Pathological Intercellular Messengers in the Liver.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Exosomal nanocarriers of immune fate: molecular insights into cancer immunity, pathogen defense, and emerging immunotherapies.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2026Review
- Interactions between extracellular vesicles and viruses: lessons learned across species and kingdoms.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Microscopic messengers: roles and prospects of extracellular vesicles in hepatitis B and C.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Review
- Intercellular highways of viral spread: tunneling nanotubes and extracellular vesicles at the maternal-fetal interface.Current opinion in virology · 2025Review
- A game of hide-and-seek: how extracellular vesicles evade the immune system.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Review
- Effect of COVID-19 Infection During Pregnancy on the Plasma/Extracellular Vesicles Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Profile.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2025Article
- The role of extracellular vesicles in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Emerging mechanisms, potential therapeutics and biomarkers.Journal of advanced research · 2025Review
- Article
- Therapeutic Actions of Hepatocyte Extracellular Vesicles in a Murine Model of Diet-Induced Steatohepatitis with Fibrosis.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Exosome in HBV infection: current concepts and future perspectives.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Epigenetic modification of hepatitis B virus infection and related hepatocellular carcinoma.Virulence · 2024Review
- Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Liver Diseases.Viruses · 2024Review
- A State-of-the-Art Review on the Recent Advances in Exosomes in Oncogenic Virus.Health science reports · 2024Article
- Novel insights into the role of immunomodulatory extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis.Biomarker research · 2024Review
- A molecular standard for circulating HBV RNA detection and quantification assays in patients with chronic hepatitis B.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2024Article
- Oncoviral Infections and Small Extracellular Vesicles.Viruses · 2024Review
60 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The innate immune system is essential for controlling viral infection. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) persistently infects human hepatocytes and causes hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the innate immune response to HBV infection in vivo remains unclear. Using a tree shrew animal model, we showed that HBV infection induced hepatic interferon (IFN)-γ expression during early infection. Our in vitro study demonstrated that hepatic NK cells produced IFN-γ in response to HBV only in the presence of hepatic F4/80(+) cells. Moreover, extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from HBV-infected hepatocytes contained viral nucleic acids and induced NKG2D ligand expression in macrophages by stimulating MyD88, TICAM-1, and MAVS-dependent pathways. In addition, depletion of exosomes from EVs markedly reduced NKG2D ligand expression, suggesting the importance of exosomes for NK cell activation. In contrast, infection of hepatocytes with HBV increased immunoregulatory microRNA levels in EVs and exosomes, which were transferred to macrophages, thereby suppressing IL-12p35 mRNA expression in macrophages to counteract the host innate immune response. IFN-γ increased the hepatic expression of DDX60 and augmented the DDX60-dependent degradation of cytoplasmic HBV RNA. Our results elucidated the crucial role of exosomes in antiviral innate immune response against HBV. ACCESSION NUMBER: Accession number of RNA-seq data is DRA004164 (DRA in DDBJ).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.