ArticleFrontiers in microbiology2016
'Get in Early'; Biofilm and Wax Moth (Galleria mellonella) Models Reveal New Insights into the Therapeutic Potential of Clostridium difficile Bacteriophages.
Article in Frontiers in microbiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
72 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Nonmammalian models to study Clostridioides difficile infection; a systematic review.Anaerobe · 2023Pooled it
- Progress of Bacteriophage Research and Application in the Treatment of Bovine Mastitis: A Review.Veterinary sciences · 2026Review
- Synergistic potential of probiotics and bacteriophages in combating multidrug-resistant microbial infections: A novel therapeutic strategy for the post-antibiotic era.New microbes and new infections · 2026Review
- Systematic combinatorial optimization of three-phage cocktails against multidrug-resistantMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Phage Therapy in Gastrointestinal Diseases: Current Status and Challenges.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Next-generation bacteriophage therapeutic systems: CRISPR-based engineering, near-infrared bioimaging, and precision strategies for treating multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant bacterial infections.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Bridging the gap in AMR research: validation of a standardizedFrontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Synergy between ciprofloxacin and temperate phages overcomes therapeutic limitations caused by lysogen formation.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Isolation, characterization and genomic analysis of bacteriophages for biocontrol of vibriosis caused by Vibrio alginolyticus.Virus research · 2025Article
- Bacteriophage cocktail shows no toxicity and improves the survival ofJournal of virology · 2024Article
- Broad host range phages target globalMicrobiology spectrum · 2024Article
- Clostridioides difficile Biofilm.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2024Article
- Emerging roles of bacteriophage-based therapeutics in combating antibiotic resistance.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Review
- The applications of animal models in phage therapy: An update.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Review
- Alternatives to animal models to study bacterial infections.Folia microbiologica · 2023Review
- Virulence and genomic diversity among clinical isolates of ST1 (BI/NAP1/027) Clostridioides difficile.Cell reports · 2023Article
- Biofilm Formation ofMicroorganisms · 2023Review
- Bacteriophage Therapy to Control Bovine Mastitis: A Review.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Bacteriophages in Infectious Diseases and Beyond-A Narrative Review.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Review
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a global health threat associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Conventional antibiotic CDI therapy can result in treatment failure and recurrent infection. C. difficile produces biofilms which contribute to its virulence and impair antimicrobial activity. Some bacteriophages (phages) can penetrate biofilms and thus could be developed to either replace or supplement antibiotics. Here, we determined the impact of a previously optimized 4-phage cocktail on C. difficile ribotype 014/020 biofilms, and additionally as adjunct to vancomycin treatment in Galleria mellonella larva CDI model. The phages were applied before or after biofilm establishment in vitro, and the impact was analyzed according to turbidity, viability counts and topography as observed using scanning electron and confocal microscopy. The infectivity profiles and efficacies of orally administered phages and/or vancomycin were ascertained by monitoring colonization levels and larval survival rates. Phages prevented biofilm formation, and penetrated established biofilms. A single phage application reduced colonization causing extended longevity in the remedial treatment and prevented disease in the prophylaxis group. Multiple phage doses significantly improved the larval remedial regimen, and this treatment is comparable to vancomycin and the combined treatments. Taken together, our data suggest that the phages significantly reduce C. difficile biofilms, and prevent colonization in the G. mellonella model when used alone or in combination with vancomycin. The phages appear to be highly promising therapeutics in the targeted eradication of CDI and the use of these models has revealed that prophylactic use could be a propitious therapeutic option.
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