ArticleScientific reports2016
Long-term adaptation of the influenza A virus by escaping cytotoxic T-cell recognition.
Article in Scientific reports, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Divergent pathogenic mechanisms of influenza A and influenza B viruses.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Position-5-driven reorientation of an immunodominant HLA-A*24:02 SARS-CoV-2 epitope drives universal T cell escape.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Extensive evolution and T cell escape by SARS-CoV-2 in a 2.5-year persistent infection of an immunocompromised host.iScience · 2026Article
- Predicting pathogen evolution and immune evasion in the age of artificial intelligence.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2025Review
- Features of Highly Homologous T-Cell Receptor Repertoire in the Immune Response to Mutations in Immunogenic Epitopes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- T Cell Peptide Prediction, Immune Response, and Host-Pathogen Relationship in Vaccinated and Recovered from Mild COVID-19 Subjects.Biomolecules · 2024Article
- Alternative antiviral approaches to combat influenza A virus.Virus genes · 2023Review
- Diversity and evolution of computationally predicted T cell epitopes against human respiratory syncytial virus.PLoS computational biology · 2023Article
- Article
- The T cell immune response against SARS-CoV-2.Nature immunology · 2022Review
- SARS-CoV-2 epitopes inform future vaccination strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- T Cell Epitope Discovery in the Context of Distinct and Unique Indigenous HLA Profiles.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Article
- Cytomegalovirus immediate-early 1 proteins form a structurally distinct protein class with adaptations determining cross-species barriers.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
- Intranasal Immunization with the Influenza A Virus Encoding Truncated NS1 Protein Protects Mice from Heterologous Challenge by Restraining the Inflammatory Response in the Lungs.Microorganisms · 2021Article
- Exploring the interactions between the human and viral genomes.Human genetics · 2020Review
- Mapping the drivers of within-host pathogen evolution using massive data sets.Nature communications · 2019Article
- Why Are CD8 T Cell Epitopes of Human Influenza A Virus Conserved?Journal of virology · 2019Article
- Influenza Virus-Host Co-evolution. A Predator-Prey Relationship?Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- Evolution of Influenza A Virus by Mutation and Re-Assortment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The evolutionary adaptation of the influenza A virus (IAV) to human antibodies is well characterised. Much less is known about the long-term evolution of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes, which are important antigens for clearance of infection. We construct an antigenic map of IAVs of all human subtypes using a compendium of 142 confirmed CTL epitopes, and show that IAV evolved gradually in the period 1932-2015, with infrequent antigenic jumps in the H3N2 subtype. Intriguingly, the number of CTL epitopes per virus decreases with more than one epitope per three years in the H3N2 subtype (from 84 epitopes per virus in 1968 to 64 in 2015), mostly attributed to the loss of HLA-B epitopes. We confirm these observations with epitope predictions. Our findings indicate that selection pressures imposed by CTL immunity shape the long-term evolution of IAV.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.