Observational studyHarm reduction journal2016
A socio-structural approach to preventing injection drug use initiation: rationale for the PRIMER study.
Observational study in Harm reduction journal, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Prevalence and Correlates of Providing and Receiving Assistance With the Transition to Injection Drug Use.Epidemiologic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- The experience of initiating injection drug use and its social context: a qualitative systematic review and thematic synthesis.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2017Pooled it
- Promoting Healthy Attitudes and Behaviors in Youth Who Experience Homelessness: Results of a Longitudinal Intervention Study.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2022Trial
- Hooked before the first injection: The role of prescription opioids in early injection drug use initiation in San Francisco.Addictive behaviors reports · 2026Article
- The relationship between injection status, cocaine use, overdose, and drug-related behaviors among people who use opioids.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2026Article
- Exploration of novel harm reduction approaches to increase client engagement (ENHANCE): protocol for a prospective cohort study.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- Latent polydrug use patterns and the provision of injection initiation assistance among people who inject drugs in three North American settings.Drug and alcohol review · 2023Article
- Context and correlates of providing assistance with someone's first injection in the AIDS linked to the IntraVenous Experience cohort, Baltimore, MD.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2023Article
- First-line opioid agonist treatment as prevention against assisting others in initiating injection drug use: A longitudinal cohort study of people who inject drugs in Vancouver, Canada.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2023Article
- The influence of poly-drug use patterns on the association between opioid agonist treatment engagement and injecting initiation assistance.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2022Article
- Gender and the first-time provision of injection initiation assistance among people who inject drugs across two distinct North American contexts: Tijuana, Mexico and Vancouver, Canada.Drug and alcohol review · 2022Article
- "I would rather do it myself": injection initiation and current injection patterns among women who inject drugs in Tijuana, Mexico.Harm reduction journal · 2021Article
- Cost-effectiveness of hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination strategies among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Tijuana, Mexico.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2021Article
- Engaging the Community in Designing a Hepatitis C Virus Treatment Program for Adults Experiencing Homelessness.Qualitative health research · 2021Article
- Investigating a bidirectional relationship between overdose and provision of injection initiation assistance among persons who inject drugs in Vancouver, Canada and Tijuana, Mexico.The International journal on drug policy · 2021Article
- Article
- The impact of recent homelessness on the provision of injection drug use initiation assistance among persons who inject drugs in Tijuana, Mexico and Vancouver, Canada.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2021Article
- Examining the gender composition of drug injecting initiation events: A mixed methods investigation of three North American contexts.The International journal on drug policy · 2021Article
- Self-perception of assisting with future injection drug initiation: The influence of relationships in the process of drug injecting initiation.Drug and alcohol review · 2021Article
- The role of drug treatment and recovery services: an opportunity to address injection initiation assistance in Tijuana, Mexico.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundInjection drug use remains a primary driver of HIV and HCV-related harms globally. However, there is a gap in efforts to prevent individuals from transitioning into injecting. People who inject drugs (PWID) play a key role in the transition of others into injecting, and while behavioral interventions have been developed to address this phenomenon, socio-structural approaches remain unexplored. To that end, we hypothesize that certain interventions designed to reduce injecting-related risk behaviors may also reduce the risk that PWID expose and introduce others into injecting. Identifying the preventive potential of existing interventions will inform broader efforts to prevent injecting and related harms.
methodsThe Preventing Injecting by Modifying Existing Responses (PRIMER) study is a multi-country mixed methods study with an aim to investigate whether specific interventions (e.g., opioid substitution therapy, supervised injection facilities, stable housing, incarceration environments) and related factors (e.g., public injecting and gender) influence the likelihood that PWID initiate others into injecting. This study will (1) investigate the PWID participation in injection initiation; (2) identify factors influencing the risk that PWID expose others to or facilitate injection initiation; (3) describe drug scene roles that increase the risk of PWID facilitating injection initiation; and (4) evaluate the impact of structural, social, or biomedical interventions on the risk that PWID facilitate injection initiation. It does so by pooling observational data from cohort studies of PWID in six cities: Vancouver, Canada; San Diego, USA; Tijuana, Mexico; Paris, Marseille, and Bordeaux, France.
resultsTeam members are conducting a prospective, multi-site study of PWID (n = 3050) in North America and France that includes quantitative and qualitative data collection through four separate cohort studies of PWID (San Diego, STAHR II; Tijuana, El Cuete IV; Vancouver, V-DUS; Bordeaux, Marseille, Paris and Strasbourg, COSINUS).
conclusionsPRIMER is the largest study of injection initiation to date and the first to investigate structural approaches to preventing injection drug use initiation. Findings have the potential to inform the development and scale up of new and existing interventions to prevent transitions into injecting.
trial registrationPreventing Injecting by Modifying Existing Responses (PRIMER), NIDA DP2-DA040256-01 .
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