SynthesisAddiction (Abingdon, England)2017
Cigarette smoking and depression comorbidity: systematic review and proposed theoretical model.
Synthesis in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 127 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
127 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 265 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and determinants of depression among women with urinary incontinence: a systematic review and meta-analysis worldwide.BMC women's health · 2024Pooled it
- Perinatal maternal depression and the risk of childhood asthma in offspring: A meta-analysis.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- Association of Depression, Antidepressants With Atrial Fibrillation Risk: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Using Mendelian randomization analysis to better understand the relationship between mental health and substance use: a systematic review.Psychological medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Effects of very low nicotine content cigarettes and concurrent provision of e-cigarettes on symptoms of depression and anxiety.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2025Trial
- Impacto - A single-arm open-label pilot trial of a digital-based integrated smoking cessation program for Spanish-speaking Hispanic individuals who smoke: Development, feasibility, engagement, and clinical outcomes.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2025Trial
- Depression Severity Moderates Reward Learning Among Smokers With Current or Past Major Depressive Disorder in a Smoking Cessation Randomized Clinical Trial.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Trial
- Is Abstinence from Alcohol and Smoking Associated with Less Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms Among People with HIV?AIDS and behavior · 2024Trial
- Development of a targeted behavioral treatment for smoking cessation among individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2023Trial
- Treatment adherence in a smoking cessation clinical trial for individuals with current or past major depressive disorder: Predictors and association with cessation.Addictive behaviors · 2023Trial
- Understanding engagement behaviors and rapport building in tobacco cessation telephone counseling: An analysis of audio-recorded counseling calls.Journal of substance abuse treatment · 2022Trial
- History and Correlates of Smoking Cessation Behaviors Among Individuals With Current or Past Major Depressive Disorder Enrolled in a Smoking Cessation Trial.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Trial
- Kids Safe and Smokefree (KiSS) Multilevel Intervention to Reduce Child Tobacco Smoke Exposure: Long-Term Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Trial
- High proportion of depression and anxiety in younger patients with COPD: a cross-sectional study in primary care in Sweden.Scandinavian journal of primary health care · 2026Article
- Patterns of health-promoting lifestyles among patients with colorectal cancer: A latent profile analysis.Asia-Pacific journal of oncology nursing · 2026Article
- The transtheoretical model and smoking cessation: findings from a youth-friendly clinic.BMC public health · 2026Observational
- Pilot trial of delayed versus immediate financial incentives for smoking cessation.Contemporary clinical trials communications · 2026Article
- Anxiety disorder status among black adults who smoke: relations to cessation processes and smoking characteristics.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2026Article
- Association of healthy lifestyle, depression with all-cause or cardiovascular mortality modified by metabolic syndrome among individuals: evidence from US NHANES and UK biobank cohort studies.Nutrition & metabolism · 2026Article
- METS-IR and SII as mediators in the association between smoking and depressive symptoms: insights from NHANES (2005-2018).BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
67 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimsDespite decades of research on co-occurring smoking and depression, cessation rates remain consistently lower for depressed smokers than for smokers in the general population, highlighting the need for theory-driven models of smoking and depression. This paper provides a systematic review with a particular focus upon psychological states that disproportionately motivate smoking in depression, and frame an incentive learning theory account of smoking-depression co-occurrence.
methodsWe searched PubMed, Scopus, PsychINFO and CINAHL to December 2014, which yielded 852 papers. Using pre-established eligibility criteria, we identified papers focused on clinical issues and motivational mechanisms underlying smoking in established, adult smokers (i.e. maintenance, quit attempts and cessation/relapse) with elevated symptoms of depression. Two reviewers determined independently whether papers met review criteria. We included 297 papers in qualitative synthesis.
resultsOur review identified three primary mechanisms that underlie persistent smoking among depressed smokers: low positive affect, high negative affect and cognitive impairment. We propose a novel application of incentive learning theory which posits that depressed smokers experience greater increases in the expected value of smoking in the face of these three motivational states, which promotes goal-directed choice of smoking behavior over alternative actions.
conclusionsThe incentive learning theory accounts for current evidence on how depression primes smoking behavior and provides a unique framework for conceptualizing psychological mechanisms of smoking maintenance among depressed smokers. Treatment should focus upon correcting adverse internal states and beliefs about the high value of smoking in those states to improve cessation outcomes for depressed smokers.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.