ArticleExperimental dermatology2017
Characterization of the early local immune response to Ixodes ricinus tick bites in human skin.
Article in Experimental dermatology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Spotted fever group Rickettsia infection kinetics and cutaneous host response during single tick feeding events.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Innate immune responses tomBio · 2026Article
- Tick Extracellular Vesicles Alter Epidermal Keratinocyte Function.The Journal of investigative dermatology · 2026Article
- Single-cell immunophenotyping identifies CD8+GZMK+IFNG+ T cells as a key immune population in cutaneous Lyme disease.JCI insight · 2026Article
- From vector to allergen: exploring the immunology of tick-triggered α-Gal syndrome.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Public perspectives on tick bite exposure, healthcare visits and associated allergies in iberia.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- Holobiont-holobiont interactions across host-ectoparasite systems.Parasites & vectors · 2025Review
- Pre-clinical strategies and emerging technologies driving advances in the alpha-gal syndrome.Allergology international : official journal of the Japanese Society of Allergology · 2025Review
- Tick Bite Granuloma After Incomplete Removal ofInsects · 2025Article
- Development of chemokine network inhibitors using combinatorial saturation mutagenesis.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Ticks' tricks: immunomodulatory effects of ixodid tick saliva at the cutaneous tick-host interface.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- The AxBioTick study - immune gene expression signatures in human skin bitten by Borrelia-infected versus non-infected ticks.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Genetic factors underlying host resistance to Rhipicephalus microplus tick infestation in Braford cattle: a systems biology perspective.Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society · 2024Article
- The α-Gal epitope - the cause of a global allergic disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Bulk and single-nucleus RNA sequencing highlight immune pathways induced in individuals during anInfection and immunity · 2023Article
- Tick extracellular vesicles in host skin immunity and pathogen transmission.Trends in parasitology · 2023Review
- Article
- Risk of Attacks by Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) and Occurrence of Severe Skin Symptoms in Bitten Patients along the Eastern Border of the European Union.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- The Importance of CXCL1 in Physiology and Noncancerous Diseases of Bone, Bone Marrow, Muscle and the Nervous System.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Little is known about the immunomodulation by tick saliva during a natural tick bite in human skin, the site of the tick-host interaction. We examined the expression of chemokines, cytokines and leucocyte markers on the mRNA levels and histopathologic changes in human skin biopsies of tick bites (n=37) compared to unaffected skin (n=9). Early tick-bite skin lesions (<24 hours of tick attachment) were characterized by a predominance of macrophages and dendritic cells, elevated mRNA levels of macrophage chemoattractants (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4) and neutrophil chemoattractants (CXCL1, CXCL8), of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-5. In contrast, the numbers of lymphocytes and mRNA levels of lymphocyte cell markers (CD4, CD8, CD19), lymphocyte chemoattractants (CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL13, CCL1, CCL22), dendritic cell chemoattractants (CCL20), and other pro- (IL-6, IL-12p40, IFN-γ, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β) did not differ from normal skin. With longer tick attachment (>24 hours), the numbers of innate immune cells and mediators (not significantly) declined, whereas the numbers of lymphocytes (not significantly) increased. Natural tick bites by Ixodes ricinus ticks initially elicit a strong local innate immune response in human skin. Beyond 24 hours of tick attachment, this response usually becomes less, perhaps because of immunomodulation by tick saliva.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.