ArticleJournal of bone metabolism2016
Prolonged Practice of Swimming Is Negatively Related to Bone Mineral Density Gains in Adolescents.
Article in Journal of bone metabolism, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Era of Resistance Training as a Primary Form of Physical Activity for Physical Fitness and Health in Youth Has Come.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Review
- Exercise interventions to improve bone mineral density in athletes participating in low-impact sports: a scoping review.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2025Article
- Inflammatory markers as potential mediators on the negative association between training load and bone mineral density in adolescent competitive swimmers: ABCD-growth study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Strength Training in Swimming.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Review
- Jumping rope and whole-body vibration program effects on bone values in Olympic artistic swimmers.Journal of bone and mineral metabolism · 2021Article
- Contemporary Variables that Impact Sleep and Development in Female Adolescent Swimmers and Gymnasts.Sports medicine - open · 2021Review
- Relationships of Bone Mineral Variables with Body Composition, Blood Hormones and Training Volume in Adolescent Female Athletes with Different Loading Patterns.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Bone Mineral Density in Adolescent Boys: Cross-Sectional Observational Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Observational
- Play During Growth: the Effect of Sports on Bone Adaptation.Current osteoporosis reports · 2020Review
- Physical Activity Associations with Bone Mineral Density and Modification by Metabolic Traits.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2020Article
- Sports participation and muscle mass affect sex-related differences in bone mineral density between male and female adolescents: A longitudinal study.Sao Paulo medical journal = Revista paulista de medicina · 2019Article
- Track and Field Practice and Bone Outcomes among Adolescents: A Pilot Study (ABCD-Growth Study).Journal of bone metabolism · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe practice of swimming in "hypogravity" conditions has potential to decrease bone formation because it decreases the time engaged in weight-bearing activities usually observed in the daily activities of adolescents. Therefore, adolescents competing in national levels would be more exposed to these deleterious effects, because they are engaged in long routines of training during most part of the year. To analyze the effect of swimming on bone mineral density (BMD) gain among adolescents engaged in national level competitions during a 9-month period.
methodsFifty-five adolescents; the control group contained 29 adolescents and the swimming group was composed of 26 athletes. During the cohort study, BMD, body fat (BF) and fat free mass (FFM) were assessed using a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scanner. Body weight was measured with an electronic scale, and height was assessed using a stadiometer.
resultsDuring the follow-up, swimmers presented higher gains in FFM (Control 2.35 kg vs. Swimming 5.14 kg; large effect size [eta-squared (ES-r)=0.168]) and BMD-Spine (Swimming 0.087 g/cm(2) vs. Control 0.049 g/cm(2); large effect size [ES-r=0.167]) compared to control group. Male swimmers gained more FFM (Male 10.63% vs. Female 3.39%) and BMD-Spine (Male 8.47% vs. Female 4.32%) than females. Longer participation in swimming negatively affected gains in upper limbs among males (r=-0.438 [-0.693 to -0.085]), and in spine among females (r=-0.651 [-0.908 to -0.036]).
conclusionsOver a 9-month follow-up, BMD and FFM gains were more evident in male swimmers, while longer engagement in swimming negatively affected BMD gains, independently of sex.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.