ArticleScientific reports2016
Establishing nonlinearity thresholds with ultraintense X-ray pulses.
Article in Scientific reports, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- From Local Atomic Structure to X-ray Spectra: Absorber-Centric Machine-Learning Encoding.The journal of physical chemistry. A · 2026Article
- The dynamics of plasmon-induced hot carrier creation in colloidal gold.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Electron population dynamics in resonant non-linear x-ray absorption in nickel at a free-electron laser.Structural dynamics (Melville, N.Y.) · 2023Article
- Effects of x-ray free-electron laser pulse intensity on the Mn KStructural dynamics (Melville, N.Y.) · 2021Article
- Using X-ray free-electron lasers for spectroscopy of molecular catalysts and metalloenzymes.Nature reviews. Physics · 2021Article
- XABOOM: An X-ray Absorption Benchmark of Organic Molecules Based on Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen 1s → π* Transitions.Journal of chemical theory and computation · 2021Article
- Breakdown of the electric dipole approximation at Cooper minima in direct two-photon ionisation.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Core-level nonlinear spectroscopy triggered by stochastic X-ray pulses.Nature communications · 2019Article
- Perspective: Opportunities for ultrafast science at SwissFEL.Structural dynamics (Melville, N.Y.) · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
19 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
X-ray techniques have evolved over decades to become highly refined tools for a broad range of investigations. Importantly, these approaches rely on X-ray measurements that depend linearly on the number of incident X-ray photons. The advent of X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) is opening the ability to reach extremely high photon numbers within ultrashort X-ray pulse durations and is leading to a paradigm shift in our ability to explore nonlinear X-ray signals. However, the enormous increase in X-ray peak power is a double-edged sword with new and exciting methods being developed but at the same time well-established techniques proving unreliable. Consequently, accurate knowledge about the threshold for nonlinear X-ray signals is essential. Herein we report an X-ray spectroscopic study that reveals important details on the thresholds for nonlinear X-ray interactions. By varying both the incident X-ray intensity and photon energy, we establish the regimes at which the simplest nonlinear process, two-photon X-ray absorption (TPA), can be observed. From these measurements we can extract the probability of this process as a function of photon energy and confirm both the nature and sub-femtosecond lifetime of the virtual intermediate electronic state.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.