ArticleEuropean journal of epidemiology2017
Multiple imputation of cognitive performance as a repeatedly measured outcome.
Article in European journal of epidemiology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cognitive benefits of hearing intervention vary by risk of cognitive decline: A secondary analysis of the ACHIEVE trial.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Trial
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- AD-related plasma biomarkers in centenarians: links to cognition and neuropathology.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Estimating cognitive decline in longitudinal studies with high mortality and a long interwave period: A comparison of approaches and considerations around integrating end-of-life interview data.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Amyloid-Beta Pathology and Cognitive Performance in Centenarians.JAMA neurology · 2025Article
- Pattern Mixture Sensitivity Analyses via Multiple Imputations for Non-Ignorable Dropout in Joint Modeling of Cognition and Risk of Dementia.Statistics in medicine · 2025Article
- Mastering the canvas of life: Identifying the antecedents of sense of control using a lagged exposure-wide approach.Applied psychology. Health and well-being · 2025Article
- Occupation, Retirement Age, and 20-Year Cognitive Decline: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study.Neuroepidemiology · 2024Article
- What makes life purposeful? Identifying the antecedents of a sense of purpose in life using a lagged exposure-wide approach.SSM - population health · 2022Article
- Identifying pathways to increased volunteering in older US adults.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- The Associations of Dietary Copper With Cognitive Outcomes.American journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- What difference does multiple imputation make in longitudinal modeling of EQ-5D-5L data? Empirical analyses of simulated and observed missing data patterns.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2022Article
- Hearing impairment and missing cognitive test scores in a population-based study of older adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities neurocognitive study.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2021Article
- Article
- Article
- Sense of purpose in life and five health behaviors in older adults.Preventive medicine · 2020Article
- Sense of Purpose in Life and Likelihood of Future Illicit Drug Use or Prescription Medication Misuse.Psychosomatic medicine · 2020Article
- The association between prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances and childhood neurodevelopment.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2020Article
- Volunteering and Subsequent Health and Well-Being in Older Adults: An Outcome-Wide Longitudinal Approach.American journal of preventive medicine · 2020Article
- Nine-Year Ethanol Intake Trajectories and Their Association With 15-Year Cognitive Decline Among Black and White Adults.American journal of epidemiology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Longitudinal studies of cognitive performance are sensitive to dropout, as participants experiencing cognitive deficits are less likely to attend study visits, which may bias estimated associations between exposures of interest and cognitive decline. Multiple imputation is a powerful tool for handling missing data, however its use for missing cognitive outcome measures in longitudinal analyses remains limited. We use multiple imputation by chained equations (MICE) to impute cognitive performance scores of participants who did not attend the 2011-2013 exam of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. We examined the validity of imputed scores using observed and simulated data under varying assumptions. We examined differences in the estimated association between diabetes at baseline and 20-year cognitive decline with and without imputed values. Lastly, we discuss how different analytic methods (mixed models and models fit using generalized estimate equations) and choice of for whom to impute result in different estimands. Validation using observed data showed MICE produced unbiased imputations. Simulations showed a substantial reduction in the bias of the 20-year association between diabetes and cognitive decline comparing MICE (3-4 % bias) to analyses of available data only (16-23 % bias) in a construct where missingness was strongly informative but realistic. Associations between diabetes and 20-year cognitive decline were substantially stronger with MICE than in available-case analyses. Our study suggests when informative data are available for non-examined participants, MICE can be an effective tool for imputing cognitive performance and improving assessment of cognitive decline, though careful thought should be given to target imputation population and analytic model chosen, as they may yield different estimands.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.