ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2016
Development of Experimental Myopia in Chicks in a Natural Environment.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association between screen time exposure and myopia in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Light intensity and light/dark cycles regulate refractive development and myopia in mice through circadian rhythm-related genes.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- The interplay between form deprivation and dopamine signaling in regulating the expression of circadian rhythm-related genes in the retina of mice.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2025Article
- Modulation of All-Trans Retinoic Acid by Light and Dopamine in the Murine Eye.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Association between insufficient sleep and astigmatism in preschool children.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Eye Movement Variations in Indoor, Outdoor, and Reading Scenarios and Their Implications for Myopia.Journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- A Child-Friendly Wearable Device for Quantifying Environmental Risk Factors for Myopia.Translational vision science & technology · 2024Article
- The influence of the environment and lifestyle on myopia.Journal of physiological anthropology · 2024Review
- A Duration-Dependent Interaction Between High-Intensity Light and Unrestricted Vision in the Drive for Myopia Control.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Repeated Low-Level Red-Light Therapy for Controlling Onset and Progression of Myopia-a Review.International journal of medical sciences · 2023Review
- Indoor and outdoor human behavior and myopia: an objective and dynamic study.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- Epitranscriptomic investigation of myopia-associated RNA editing in the retina.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
- Light Signaling and Myopia Development: A Review.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2022Review
- Candidate pathways for retina to scleral signaling in refractive eye growth.Experimental eye research · 2022Review
- [Relationship between Myopia and Light Exposure].Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition · 2021Review
- Review
- Ambient Light Regulates Retinal Dopamine Signaling and Myopia Susceptibility.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2021Article
- Effects of low intensity ambient lighting on refractive development in infant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).Vision research · 2020Article
- Dopamine metabolite levels in the vitreous of diabetic and non-diabetic humans.Experimental eye research · 2020Review
- The effects of brief high intensity light on ocular growth in chicks developing myopia vary with time of day.Experimental eye research · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThe hypothesis that outdoor exposure might protect against myopia has generated much interest, although available data find only modest clinical efficacy. We tested the effect of outdoor rearing on form-deprivation myopia in chicks, a myopia model markedly inhibited by high-intensity indoor laboratory lighting.
methodsUnilaterally goggled cohorts of White Leghorn chicks were maintained in a species-appropriate, outdoor rural setting during daylight hours to the extent permitted by weather. Control chicks were reared indoors with incandescent lighting. Besides ocular refraction and ultrasound, we determined dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) content in retina and vitreous and measured mRNA expression levels of selected clock and circadian rhythm-related genes in the retina/RPE.
resultsMyopia developed in the goggled eyes of all cohorts. Whereas outdoor rearing lessened myopia by 44% at 4 days, a protective effect was no longer evident at 11 days. Outdoor rearing had no consistent effect on retinal or vitreous content of dopamine or DOPAC. Conforming to prior data on form-deprivation myopia, retina and vitreous levels of DOPAC were reduced in goggled eyes. Compared with contralateral eyes, the retinal expression of clock and circadian rhythm-related genes was modestly altered in myopic eyes of chicks reared indoors or outdoors.
conclusionsOutdoor rearing of chicks induces only a partial decrease of goggle-induced myopia that is not maintained, without evidence that retinal dopamine metabolism accounts for the partial myopia inhibition under these outdoor conditions. Although modest, alterations in retinal gene expression suggest that studying circadian signals might be informative for understanding refractive mechanisms.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.