ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2016
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Prediction in the HIV Outpatient Study.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03687060 (Behavioral Economics and Implementation Research to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk in HIV-Infected Adults), which is not on this map. Cited by 70 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Behavioral Economics and Implementation Research to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk in HIV-Infected Adults
Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Coronary Artery Calcification and Plaque Characteristics in People Living With HIV: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2021Pooled it
- Performance of the pooled cohort equations and D:A:D risk scores among individuals with HIV in a global cardiovascular disease prevention trial: a cohort study leveraging data from REPRIEVE.The lancet. HIV · 2025Trial
- Physician Education and Peer Comparisons to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk Among People Living with HIV: A Stepped-Wedge Cluster Randomized Trial.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Falls in Men and Women Living With and Without HIV in MACS/WIHS Combined Cohort Study.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2026Article
- Translating the ABCSs into HIV Care: A Stepped Wedge Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Article
- Major adverse cardiovascular events, morbidity, and mortality, among people living with and without HIV in two northern Uganda hospitals.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Significant Impact of Previous Major Cardiovascular Events (MACEs) and Viremia on Risk of New MACEs in People Living with HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy.Medicines (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Prediction of Cardiovascular Risk Among People with HIV Using the PREVENT Equations Compared to the Pooled Cohort Equations.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Observational
- Association of cardiovascular disease risk with liver steatosis and fibrosis in people with HIV in low- and middle-income countries.AIDS (London, England) · 2025Article
- Optimizing cardiometabolic risk in people living with human immunodeficiency virus: A deep dive into an important risk enhancer.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2024Review
- Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease and Comparison of Risk Category Predictions of Systemic Coronary Risk Evaluation Score-2 and 4 Other Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment Tools Among People Living with Human Immunodefficiency Virus in Türkiye.Anatolian journal of cardiology · 2024Article
- Cardiovascular Risk Estimation Is Suboptimal in People With HIV.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2024Article
- Predictive model and risk analysis for coronary heart disease in people living with HIV using machine learning.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2024Article
- Evolving mechanisms and presentations of cardiovascular disease in people with HIV: implications for management.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2024Review
- Aging-Related Comorbidity Burden Among Women and Men With or At-Risk for HIV in the US, 2008-2019.JAMA network open · 2023Observational
- Derivation of a Protein Risk Score for Cardiovascular Disease Among a Multiracial and Multiethnic HIV+ Cohort.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2023Article
- Article
- Cumulative Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Viremia Is Associated With Increased Risk of Multimorbidity Among US Women With HIV, 1997-2019.Open forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
- High Concordance between D:A:Dr and the Framingham Risk Score in Brazilians Living with HIV.Viruses · 2023Article
- Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in a historical cohort of people living with human immunodeficiency virus during a 10-year period.SAGE open medicine · 2023Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) risk prediction tools are often applied to populations beyond those in which they were designed when validated tools for specific subpopulations are unavailable.
methodsUsing data from 2283 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults aged ≥18 years, who were active in the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS), we assessed performance of 3 commonly used CVD prediction models developed for general populations: Framingham general cardiovascular Risk Score (FRS), American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Pooled Cohort equations (PCEs), and Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) high-risk equation, and 1 model developed in HIV-infected persons: the Data Collection on Adverse Effects of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study equation. C-statistics assessed model discrimination and the ratio of expected to observed events (E/O) and Hosmer-Lemeshow χ
resultsFrom January 2002 through September 2013, 195 (8.5%) HOPS participants experienced an incident CVD event in 15 056 person-years. The FRS demonstrated moderate discrimination and was well calibrated (C-statistic: 0.66, E/O: 1.01, P = .89). The PCE and D:A:D risk equations demonstrated good discrimination but were less well calibrated (C-statistics: 0.71 and 0.72 and E/O: 0.88 and 0.80, respectively; P < .001 for both), whereas SCORE performed poorly (C-statistic: 0.59, E/O: 1.72; P = .48).
conclusionsOnly the FRS accurately estimated risk of CVD events, while PCE and D:A:D underestimated risk. Although these models could potentially be used to rank US HIV-infected individuals at higher or lower risk for CVD, the models may fail to identify substantial numbers of HIV-infected persons with elevated CVD risk who could potentially benefit from additional medical treatment.
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