ReviewClinical and experimental immunology2017
Age-related alterations in immune responses to West Nile virus infection.
Review in Clinical and experimental immunology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Modelling the risk of West Nile virus infection in seven European countries from published serological and case notification data, 2008 to 2022.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026Pooled it
- West Nile virus: epidemiology, prevention, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and open research questions.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Decreasing the Burden of West Nile Virus Disease: The Need for More Prevention Measures.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2026Article
- Article
- Immune aging biomarkers for clinical trials.Nature medicine · 2026Review
- Human antibodies against West Nile and related orthoflaviviruses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Pharmaceutical Strategies for West Nile Virus in Europe, an Underrecognized Cause of Severe Disease and Mortality in Older Adults: From Supportive Care to Antiviral Development.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- NETosis in Alzheimer's Disease: Understanding the Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in Neuroinflammation and Disease Pathogenesis.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Treatment with mitochondrial targeting antibiotics improves survival outcomes after Flock House virus infection in young and aged Drosophila melanogaster.Research square · 2025Article
- The age-dependent neuroglial interaction with peripheral immune cells in coronavirus-induced neuroinflammation with a special emphasis on COVID-19.Biogerontology · 2025Review
- Mono-WNV and combined WNV/TBEV inactivated vaccine efficacy against a wide range of WNV and TBEV strains.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Immune aging and infectious diseases.Chinese medical journal · 2024Review
- The Impact of Immune System Aging on Infectious Diseases.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Drivers and epidemiological patterns of West Nile virus in Serbia.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Early cellular and molecular signatures correlate with severity of West Nile virus infection.iScience · 2023Article
- Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Neurologic Manifestations of Mosquito-Borne Flavivirus Infections.Viruses · 2023Review
- Article
- Immunization with different recombinant West Nile virus envelope proteins induces varying levels of serological cross-reactivity and protection from infection.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Severely ill and high-risk COVID-19 patients exhibit increased peripheral circulation of CD62L+ and perforin+ T cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Modelling the West Nile virus force of infection in the European human population.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is the most important causative agent of viral encephalitis worldwide and an important public health concern in the United States due to its high prevalence, severe disease, and the absence of effective treatments. Infection with WNV is mainly asymptomatic, but some individuals develop severe, possibly fatal, neurological disease. Individual host factors play a role in susceptibility to WNV infection, including genetic polymorphisms in key anti-viral immune genes, but age is the most well-defined risk factor for susceptibility to severe disease. Ageing is associated with distinct changes in immune cells and a decline in immune function leading to increased susceptibility to infection and reduced responses to vaccination. WNV is detected by pathogen recognition receptors including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which show reduced expression and function in ageing. Neutrophils, monocyte/macrophages and dendritic cells, which first recognize and respond to infection, show age-related impairment of many functions relevant to anti-viral responses. Natural killer cells control many viral infections and show age-related changes in phenotype and functional responses. A role for the regulatory receptors Mertk and Axl in blood-brain barrier permeability and in facilitating viral uptake through phospholipid binding may be relevant for susceptibility to WNV, and age-related up-regulation of Axl has been noted previously in human dendritic cells. Understanding the specific immune parameters and mechanisms that influence susceptibility to symptomatic WNV may lead to a better understanding of increased susceptibility in elderly individuals and identify potential avenues for therapeutic approaches: an especially relevant goal, as the world's populating is ageing.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.