ArticleBMJ open2016
Relationship between mobility, violence and major depression among female sex workers: a cross-sectional study in southern India.
Article in BMJ open, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence, risk and resilience factors of mental health conditions among female sex workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Prevalence of suicidality, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and anxiety among female sex workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Archives of women's mental health · 2021Pooled it
- Mental health problems among female sex workers in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS medicine · 2020Pooled it
- Prevalence and Associated Factors of Sexual and Physical Violence Against Female Sex Workers in Iran: Findings from a Nationwide Survey in 2024.International journal of behavioral medicine · 2026Article
- Health inequities faced by sex workers.The Lancet. Public health · 2026Review
- The prevalence and factors associated with common mental health conditions among female sex workers in Dar es salaam, Tanzania.PLOS mental health · 2026Article
- Determinants of depressive and alcohol use disorders among female sex workers in Ethiopia: evidence from a national bio-behavioral survey, 2020.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Prevalence of depression, syndemic factors and their impact on viral suppression among female sex workers living with HIV in eThekwini, South Africa.BMC women's health · 2023Article
- Multiple indicators of violence against female sex workers and its associated factors in Ghana: Evidence from the 2015 integrated bio-behavioral surveillance survey cross-sectional study.Health science reports · 2023Article
- Mental health and HIV risk differs by co-occurring structural vulnerabilities among women who sell sex.AIDS care · 2023Article
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- Client-perpetrated gender-based violence among female sex workers in conflict-affected Northern Uganda: a cross-sectional study.BMJ open · 2021Article
- Prevalence and factors associated with major depression among female sex workers in post-conflict Gulu district: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2021Article
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- Workplace violence among female sex workers who use drugs in Vancouver, Canada: does client-targeted policing increase safety?Journal of public health policy · 2018Article
- Prevalence and correlates of probable depression and post-traumatic stress disorder among female sex workers in Lilongwe, Malawi.International journal of mental health and addiction · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe relationship between mobility, violence and mental health has largely been unexplored in developing countries. This study screens for signs of major depression, and assesses its association with mobility and violence among female sex workers (FSWs) in southern India.
methodsData (N=2400) for this study were used from a cross-sectional Behavioral Tracking Survey (BTS-2014) conducted among FSWs from a southern state of India as part of the Avahan programme. Major depression of FSWs was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 depression scale. Descriptive statistics, frequency, bivariate, interaction effect and multivariate logistic regression techniques were used for the analysis.
resultsMore than one-fourth of FSWs (29%) screened positive for major depression. The likelihood of screening positive for major depression was 6 times higher among FSWs who were both mobile for sex work outside their district of residence and had experienced any violence (combined association) during the past 1 year (62% vs 19%, adjusted OR 6.1, 95% CI 4.4 to 8.6) compared with those who reported neither. The individual association results show that FSWs who reported being mobile outside the district, and FSWs who were beaten or raped in the past 1 year, were 3 times more likely to screen positive for major depression.
conclusionsThe findings indicate that violence and mobility are independently associated with major depression among FSWs. The combined association of mobility and violence poses a greater risk to the mental health of FSWs than their independent association. These results point to the need for creating an enabling environment for FSWs to enhance existing efforts to reduce the spread of HIV and mental health problems. The study highlights that HIV prevention efforts among FSWs in India require evidence-based research and integrated programme approaches to address mental health issues.
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