ArticleTobacco control2016
Inequities in tobacco retailer sales to minors by neighbourhood racial/ethnic composition, poverty and segregation, USA, 2015.
Article in Tobacco control, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed.
- Assessing Social Vulnerability and FDA Tobacco Retailer Compliance Inspections and Violations in Los Angeles County, CA (2021-2023).Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- Modelling how age-restricted location policies would impact tobacco retailer density in four US states: California, Connecticut, North Carolina and Ohio.Tobacco control · 2026Article
- Associations of area-level and individual-level sociodemographic factors with adolescent phenotypes linked to subsequent cancer risk.Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Examining the Relationship Between Racial, Ethnic, and Economic Residential Segregation and Cigarette Smoking Among a Nationally Representative Sample of Young Adults.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Identification Checks and Underage Sales of Tobacco Products in New Jersey, 2019-2022.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Gaps in Awareness of the United States Minimum Legal Age of E-Cigarette and Cigarette Sales: Implications for Public Health Messaging.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic Status Partially Mediates the Effects of Structural Racism on Youth Tobacco Use Initiation.Global journal of epidemiology and infectious disease · 2024Article
- Underage Sales of Tobacco in Dollar Stores and Top Grocery Stores, 2015-2020, U.S.American journal of preventive medicine · 2023Article
- Using place-based characteristics to inform FDA tobacco sales inspections: results from a multilevel propensity score model.Tobacco control · 2022Article
- The Reshaping of the E-Cigarette Retail Environment: Its Evolution and Public Health Concerns.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Concentration of Cannabis and Tobacco Retailers in Los Angeles County, California: A Spatial Analysis of Potential Effects on Youth and Ethnic Minorities.Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs · 2022Article
- Evaluation of Restrictions on Tobacco Sales to Youth Younger Than 21 Years in Cleveland, Ohio, Area.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- A Rapid Evaluation of the US Federal Tobacco 21 (T21) Law and Lessons From Statewide T21 Policies: Findings From Population-Level Surveys.Preventing chronic disease · 2022Article
- Boosting the Tobacco Control Vaccine: recognizing the role of the retail environment in addressing tobacco use and disparities.Tobacco control · 2021Article
- Beyond Strong Enforcement: Understanding the Factors Related to Retailer Compliance With Tobacco 21.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2021Article
- Association between federal and California state policy violation among vape shops and neighbourhood composition in Southern California.Tobacco control · 2021Article
- The legacy of redlining: Associations between historical neighborhood mapping and contemporary tobacco retailer density in Ohio.Health & place · 2021Article
- Longitudinal Tracking of Vape Shop Compliance With State Business Regulations Within Southern California Ethnic Neighborhoods During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Evaluation & the health professions · 2021Article
- Evaluation of neighborhood deprivation and store characteristics in relation to tobacco retail outlet sales violations.PloS one · 2021Article
- Retailer density reduction approaches to tobacco control: A review.Health & place · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTobacco retailers are an important source of tobacco products for minors. Previous research shows racial discrimination in sales to minors, but no national study has examined neighbourhood correlates of retailer under-age sales.
methodsWe accessed publicly available results of 2015 US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) inspections of tobacco retailers (n=108 614). In this cross-sectional study, we used multilevel logistic regression to predict the likelihood of retailer sale to a minor based on tract characteristics. We assessed the proportion of residents identifying as American Indian, Asian, Black, Latino and White; Isolation Index scores for each racial/ethnic group; the proportion of people less than age 65 living in poverty; and the proportion of residents age 10-17 in relation to retailer inspection results.
resultsThe proportion of American Indian residents, Black residents, Latino residents and residents less than age 65 under the poverty line in a neighbourhood are independently, positively associated with the likelihood that a retailer in that neighbourhood will fail an under-age buy inspection. The proportion of White residents and residents age 10-17 are independently, negatively associated with the likelihood of sale of tobacco products to a minor. Isolation Index scores show a similar pattern. In multivariable models holding neighbourhood characteristics constant, higher proportions of Black (+), Latino (+) and age 10-17 (-) residents remained significant predictors of the likelihood of under-age sale. DISCUSSION: Regulatory agencies should consider oversampling retailers in areas with higher likelihood of sales to minors for inspection. Interventions with tobacco retailers to reduce inequities in youth access should be implemented.
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