ArticleJournal of neurodevelopmental disorders2016
The NIH Toolbox Cognitive Battery for intellectual disabilities: three preliminary studies and future directions.
Article in Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed.
- Acute and chronic dosing of the GABA A alpha 2,3 selective agonist BAER-101 do not alter behavior but may impact auditory-evoked EEG responses in adults with fragile X syndrome.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Inhibition of phosphodiesterase-4D in adults with fragile X syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 2 clinical trial.Nature medicine · 2021Trial
- Cognitive training for children and adolescents with fragile X syndrome: a randomized controlled trial of Cogmed.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2019Trial
- Effects of mavoglurant on visual attention and pupil reactivity while viewing photographs of faces in Fragile X Syndrome.PloS one · 2019Trial
- Tablet Assessment of Cognition in Down Syndrome: Comparison of Researcher and Caregiver Administration.Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR · 2026Article
- Psychometric validation of the NIH Toolbox for use with individuals with phenylketonuria: Evidence from the PHEFREE consortium longitudinal study.Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS · 2026Article
- Preliminary evaluation of an adapted snack delay task for measuring inhibition in young children with Down syndrome.Research in developmental disabilities · 2026Article
- Comparing feedback learning and arousal responses in Down, Fragile X, and Williams syndromes.NPJ science of learning · 2026Article
- The relationship between language and executive functions in adolescents with Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2026Article
- Executive Function and Adherence in Children and Adolescents Living With HIV: Evidence From the HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders in Zambia (HANDZ) Study.Journal of child neurology · 2026Article
- Patient advocacy group perspectives on treatment priorities and clinical trials for the rare neurodevelopmental condition, Prader-Willi syndrome.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2026Article
- A multicenter observational cohort study in survivors of Down Syndrome-associated acute leukemia (ALTE22C1): a report from the Children's Oncology Group.BMC cancer · 2025Observational
- Evaluation of a Modified Corsi Task to Assess Visuospatial Short-Term Memory in Young Children With Down Syndrome.American journal on intellectual and developmental disabilities · 2025Article
- Eye Tracking as a Tool for Detecting Alzheimer's Disease in People With Down Syndrome.Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR · 2025Article
- Modeling the Latent Factor Structure of the "EXcEEDS" (EXecutive function Early Evaluation in Down Syndrome) Battery.American journal on intellectual and developmental disabilities · 2025Article
- Preliminary psychometric properties of an inhibition task in young children with Down syndrome.Journal of intellectual disabilities : JOID · 2025Article
- Computer and tablet assessments of executive function in youth with Down syndrome: feasibility and predictors of performance.International journal of developmental disabilities · 2025Article
- Curcumin Supplementation and Vascular and Cognitive Function in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- A Comparison of Three Executive Function Batteries in a Preschool-Aged Sample.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Developmental associations between cognition and adaptive behavior in intellectual and developmental disability.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2024Article
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRecent advances in understanding molecular and synaptic mechanisms of intellectual disabilities (ID) in fragile X syndrome (FXS) and Down syndrome (DS) through animal models have led to targeted controlled trials with pharmacological agents designed to normalize these underlying mechanisms and improve clinical outcomes. However, several human clinical trials have failed to demonstrate efficacy of these targeted treatments to improve surrogate behavioral endpoints. Because the ultimate index of disease modification in these disorders is amelioration of ID, the validation of cognitive measures for tracking treatment response is essential. Here, we present preliminary research to validate the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognitive Battery (NIH-TCB) for ID.
methodsWe completed three pilot studies of patients with FXS (total n = 63; mean age 19.3 ± 8.3 years, mean mental age 5.3 ± 1.6 years), DS (n = 47; mean age 16.1 ± 6.2, mean mental age 5.4 ± 2.0), and idiopathic ID (IID; n = 16; mean age 16.1 ± 5.0, mean mental age 6.6 ± 2.3) measuring processing speed, executive function, episodic memory, word/letter reading, receptive vocabulary, and working memory using the web-based NIH-TB-CB, addressing feasibility, test-retest reliability, construct validity, ecological validity, and syndrome differences and profiles.
resultsFeasibility was good to excellent (≥80 % of participants with valid scores) for above mental age 4 years for all tests except list sorting (working memory). Test-retest stability was good to excellent, and convergent validity was similar to or better than results obtained from typically developing children in the normal sample for executive function and language measures. Examination of ecological validity revealed moderate to very strong correlations between the NIH-TCB composite and adaptive behavior and full-scale IQ measures. Syndrome/group comparisons demonstrated significant deficits for the FXS and DS groups relative to IID on attention and inhibitory control, a significant reading weakness for FXS, and a receptive vocabulary weakness for DS.
conclusionsThe NIH-TCB has potential for assessing important dimensions of cognition in persons with ID, and several tests may be useful for tracking response to intervention. However, more extensive psychometric studies, evaluation of the NIH-TCB's sensitivity to change, both developmentally and in the context of treatment, and perhaps establishing links to brain function in these populations, are required to determine the true utility of the battery as a set of outcome measures.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.