ReviewFrontiers in endocrinology2016
Thyrotropin Receptor Epitope and Human Leukocyte Antigen in Graves' Disease.
Review in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- ICPi-Induced Graves' Disease with Pre-existing Autoimmune Thyroid Disorders: A Case Report and Literature Review.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2026Review
- Myasthenia gravis complicated by Graves' disease: a case report.Journal of medical case reports · 2025Article
- Immune tolerance induction using the thyrotropin receptor epitope 78-94 (p37) prevents Graves' disease in HLA-DR3 transgenic mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced thyroiditis and its potential mechanisms.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- The role of autophagy in Graves disease: knowns and unknowns.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2024Review
- Characterizing the Interplay of Lymphocytes in Graves' Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Article
- Effect of SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine on thyroid autoimmunity: A twelve-month follow-up study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Human Leukocyte Antigens and Biomarkers in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Induced by Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors.Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea) · 2022Article
- Human leucocyte antigen alleles confer susceptibility and progression to Graves' ophthalmopathy in a Southern Chinese population.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2021Article
- Graves' Orbitopathy: Report of 82 cases.La Tunisie medicale · 2021Article
- Coronavirus Disease 2019 and the Thyroid - Progress and Perspectives.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Review
- Modulating TSH Receptor Signaling for Therapeutic Benefit.European thyroid journal · 2020Article
- Predictive and sensitive biomarkers for thyroid dysfunctions during treatment with immune-checkpoint inhibitors.Cancer science · 2020Article
- Microarray profile of B cells from Graves' disease patients reveals biomarkers of proliferation.Endocrine connections · 2020Article
- Thyroid eye disease: current and potential medical management.International ophthalmology · 2020Review
- Predictive Biomarkers of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors-Related Toxicities.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Fine mapping MHC associations in Graves' disease and its clinical subtypes in Han Chinese.Journal of medical genetics · 2018Article
- 2018 European Thyroid Association Guideline for the Management of Graves' Hyperthyroidism.European thyroid journal · 2018Article
- Nonthionamide Drugs for the Treatment of Hyperthyroidism: From Present to Future.International journal of endocrinology · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Graves' disease (GD) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease, and thyrotropin (TSH) receptor (TSHR) is a major autoantigen in this condition. Since the extracellular domain of human TSHR (TSHR-ECD) is shed into the circulation, TSHR-ECD is a preferentially immunogenic portion of TSHR. Both genetic factors and environmental factors contribute to development of GD. Inheritance of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, especially HLA-DR3, is associated with GD. TSHR-ECD protein is endocytosed into antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and processed to TSHR-ECD peptides. These peptide epitopes bind to HLA-class II molecules, and subsequently the complex of HLA-class II and TSHR-ECD epitope is presented to CD4+ T cells. The activated CD4+ T cells secrete cytokines/chemokines that stimulate B-cells to produce TSAb, and in turn hyperthyroidism occurs. Numerous studies have been done to identify T- and B-cell epitopes in TSHR-ECD, including (1) in silico, (2) in vitro, (3) in vivo, and (4) clinical experiments. Murine models of GD and HLA-transgenic mice have played a pivotal role in elucidating the immunological mechanisms. To date, linear or conformational epitopes of TSHR-ECD, as well as the molecular structure of the epitope-binding groove in HLA-DR, were reported to be related to the pathogenesis in GD. Dysfunction of central tolerance in the thymus, or in peripheral tolerance, such as regulatory T cells, could allow development of GD. Novel treatments using TSHR antagonists or mutated TSHR peptides have been reported to be effective. We review and update the role of immunogenic TSHR epitopes and HLA in GD, and offer perspectives on TSHR epitope specific treatments.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.