ArticleScientific reports2016
Associations of Bowel Movement Frequency with Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality among US Women.
Article in Scientific reports, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00005152 (Nurses' Health Study), which is not on this map. Cited by 22 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Nurses' Health Study (Cardiovascular Component)
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between constipation and risk of cardiovascular or all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis.Annals of medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Guideline
- Association between constipation and risk of stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Dietary Characteristics Associated With High Defecation Frequency and Constipation in Japanese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.JGH open : an open access journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2026Article
- Dietary Patterns and Incident Chronic Constipation in Three Prospective Cohorts of Middle- and Older-Aged Adults.Gastroenterology · 2025Article
- Deterioration of the Defecation Status after Hospitalization in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Is Associated with Albuminuria Rather Than Diabetic Neuropathy.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2025Article
- Association between constipation and risk of coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Review
- Constipation and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk in Patients With Hypertension: A Long-Term Cohort Study.International journal of hypertension · 2025Article
- Factors Associated with Defecation Satisfaction among Japanese Adults with Chronic Constipation.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Association between bowel movement disorders and depressive symptoms: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Associations between long-term aircraft noise exposure, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in US cohorts of female nurses.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2023Article
- Association of constipation with increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular events in elderly Australian patients.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Bowel habits were associated with mortality in chronic kidney disease: results from a nationwide prospective cohort study.Renal failure · 2023Article
- The association between constipation and stroke based on the NHANES and Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
- Constipation and cardiovascular disease: A two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2023Article
- Association of Stool Frequency and Consistency with the Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality among U.S. Adults: Results from NHANES 2005-2010.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Constipation Is a Frequent Problem Associated with Vascular Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-sectional Study.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2022Article
- Constipation and risk of cardiovascular diseases: a Danish population-based matched cohort study.BMJ open · 2020Article
- Constipation in CKD.Kidney international reports · 2020Review
- Bowel movement frequency and risks of major vascular and non-vascular diseases: a population-based cohort study among Chinese adults.BMJ open · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests a potential impact of gastrointestinal function on cardiometabolic risk. Abnormal bowel movements have been related to various cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, and altered metabolism of bile acids and gut microbiota. However, little is known about whether bowel movement frequency affects risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. In the Nurses' Health Study, bowel movement frequency was self-reported in 1982 by 86,289 women free from CVD and cancer. During up to 30 years of follow-up, we documented 7,628 incident CVD cases and 21,084 deaths. After adjustment for dietary intake, lifestyle, medication use, and other risk factors, as compared with women with daily bowel movement, having bowel movements more than once daily was significantly associated with increased risk of CVD (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-1.21), total mortality (HR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.12-1.22), and cardiovascular mortality (HR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.07-1.28). With further adjustment for body mass index and diabetes status, the association with total mortality remained significant (HR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.06-1.15), whereas the associations with incident CVD and cardiovascular mortality were no longer significant. Our results suggest increased bowel movement frequency is a potential risk factor for premature mortality.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.