ArticleDiabetologia2016
Beta cell function and ongoing autoimmunity in long-standing, childhood onset type 1 diabetes.
Article in Diabetologia, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Oral butyrate does not affect innate immunity and islet autoimmunity in individuals with longstanding type 1 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial.Diabetologia · 2020Trial
- Residual β cell function and monogenic variants in long-duration type 1 diabetes patients.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2019Trial
- Natural history study of type 1 diabetes risk in adults (T1DRA): protocol for screening and follow-up of UK adults.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Two Patients With Extremely Long Type 1 Diabetes Duration With Very Few Complications and Remaining Insulin Secretion.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Immune perturbations in human pancreas lymphatic tissues prior to and after type 1 diabetes onset.Nature communications · 2025Article
- The metabolome as a diagnostic for maximal aerobic capacity during exercise in type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2024Article
- The longitudinal loss of islet autoantibody responses from diagnosis of type 1 diabetes occurs progressively over follow-up and is determined by low autoantibody titres, early-onset, and genetic variants.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2022Article
- Diagnosing Type 1 diabetes in adults: Guidance from the UK T1D Immunotherapy consortium.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2022Article
- Capturing the real-world benefit of residual β-cell function during clinically important time-periods in established Type 1 diabetes.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2022Article
- Type 1 Diabetes Patients With Different Residual Beta-Cell Function but Similar Age, HBA1c, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Have Differing Exercise-Induced Angiogenic Cell Mobilisation.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Observational
- Article
- Different interaction of onset age and duration of type 1 diabetes on the dynamics of autoantibodies to insulinoma-associated antigen-2 and zinc transporter 8.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2021Article
- Residual β-cell function after 10 years of autoimmune type 1 diabetes: prevalence, possible determinants, and implications for metabolism.Annals of translational medicine · 2021Article
- Non-invasive Beta-cell Imaging: Visualization, Quantification, and Beyond.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Review
- Postexercise Glycemic Control in Type 1 Diabetes Is Associated With Residual β-Cell Function.Diabetes care · 2020Observational
- Beta Cell Imaging-From Pre-Clinical Validation to First in Man Testing.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Older age of childhood type 1 diabetes onset is associated with islet autoantibody positivity >30 years later: the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2020Article
- A Life-Changing Moment in a Patient with Type 1 Diabetes: Insulin Holiday.Galen medical journal · 2020Article
- What has zinc transporter 8 autoimmunity taught us about type 1 diabetes?Diabetologia · 2019Review
- Type 1 diabetes defined by severe insulin deficiency occurs after 30 years of age and is commonly treated as type 2 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
aims/hypothesisThis study aimed to determine the frequency of residual beta cell function in individuals with long-standing type 1 diabetes who were recruited at diagnosis, and relate this to baseline and current islet autoantibody profile.
methodsTwo hour post-meal urine C-peptide:creatinine ratio (UCPCR) and islet autoantibodies were measured in samples collected from 144 participants (median age at diagnosis: 11.7 years; 47% male), a median of 23 years (range 12-29 years) after diagnosis. UCPCR thresholds equivalent to mixed meal-stimulated serum C-peptide >0.001 nmol/l, ≥0.03 nmol/l and ≥0.2 nmol/l were used to define 'detectable', 'minimal' and 'residual/preserved') endogenous insulin secretion, respectively. Autoantibodies against GAD (GADA), islet antigen-2 (IA-2A), zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A) and insulin (IAA) were measured by radioimmunoassay.
resultsEndogenous C-peptide secretion was detectable in 51 participants (35.4%), including residual secretion in seven individuals (4.9%) and minimal secretion in 14 individuals (9.7%). In the 132 samples collected more than 10 years after diagnosis, 86 participants (65.2%) had at least one islet autoantibody: 42 (31.8%) were positive for GADA, 69 (52.3%) for IA-2A and 14 of 104 tested were positive for ZnT8A (13.5%). The level of UCPCR was related to age at diagnosis (p = 0.002) and was independent of diabetes duration, and baseline or current islet autoantibody status. CONCLUSIONS/
interpretationThere is evidence of ongoing autoimmunity in the majority of individuals with longstanding diabetes. Endogenous insulin secretion continues for many years after diagnosis in individuals diagnosed with autoimmune-mediated type 1 diabetes above age 5. These findings suggest that some beta cells are protected from continued autoimmune attack in longstanding type 1 diabetes.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.